SOCIOLOGY- examines people's social relationships

- Study of human relationships and behaviors in society.

ANTHROPOLOGY

• Study of the evolutionary history of human beings, (culture and society)

• It deals with human culture and societies of the past and how these evolved to what is now the present state.

Four subdisciplines

• Cultural anthropology

The study of how humans developed their culture and society

• Physical anthropology 

The study how humans adapt to their environment, including biological evolution

• LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

The study of how language evolves and how humans use language to communicate

• ARCHEOLOGY

The study of artifacts or material evidence that past human societies left behind

SOCIAL FACTS

EMILE DURKHEM (The rules of sociological method (1859) )

- Father of Sociology

- any phenomena in society that are already accepted such as values, norms and social structure and are not bound by any actions of an individual.

SOCIAL FACTS - control over the lives of individual due to its being accepted as a norm by the large numbers of people

2 TYPES OF SOCIAL FACTS

1. Material Social Facts - institutionalized norms and laws in society that exist in either in the form of written codes, or are directly observable.

2. Non-material Social Facts - unwritten codes of conduct, best practices that are not written down anywhere and that are not visible directly, but are left or experienced.

ANOMIE - Loss of direction felt by an individual when the social controls become ineffective.

- State of normlessness, disorder, or confusion in a society when the standard norms and values are weak or unclear.

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Structural Functionalism

- Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton

Structural Functionalism (Macro-Level Theory)

- Society is a system of interconnected parts that work as one, so there would be harmony and balance in the whole

- Each part has its function which must work together with other parts to have the impression of a whole functioning system.

Herbert Spencer 

Each Part - Organ

Institution that is vital to the society.

Family, Government, Education, Market, Religion

Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton

- Used the term “Functional and Dysfunctional”

Functional - provides siocial stability and solidarity, where an individual is doing his or her part to maintain a strong and robust society and achieving overall social equilibrium.

Dysfunctional - Causes disruption in the stability of the society

2 TYPES OF FUNCTION

Manifest Function - intended and commonly recognized functions of an institution.

Latent Function - Unintended and unrecognized consequences that help ensure social stability

CONFLICT THEORY

- Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, C.Wright Mills

CONFLICT THEORY (Macro-Level Theory)

- Society is always in a constant state of conflict, as the members of society compete for limited resources.

Conflict Theory 

- Major assumptions of this theory are focused on competition, revolution, structural inequality and war.

- The conflict theory also assumes that society always experiences structural inequality

- this theory states that society can be best understood in terms of conflict, tensions or struggles and how society react.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONALISM THEORY

George Mead, Herbert Blumer

MICRO-LEVEL THEORY

- sometimes reffered to as interactionism sees human beings as living in a world of “symbols”

- Each symbols has a shared meaning-something understood by all members of society. To understand these meanings, they must be communicated, and that is something that only humans can do or understand.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

- study of politics

Politics - relationship of power dynamics and decision making.

Political Science - how the government, power, and authority work in a society, including various political thoughts and ideas political activities and political behavior.

Nationality - where you are born or your place of birth

Citizenship - granted by government of a country when certain legal requirements are met.

Citizenship

Natural - sa lugar ka talaga pinanganak

Naturalization - may documents na need

Nationality 

Jus Soli - kung saang lupa ka pinanganak

Jus Sanguinis - sa dugo or sa parents

SEX AND GENDER

Sex - female and male only

Gender - LGBTQIA+, FEMALE AND MALE

Poverty - state of lacking financial resources and living with a bare minimum

CLASSIFICATION OF POVERTY

Relative Poverty - may kinikita pero hindi sapat

Absolute Poverty - wala na talagang kaya

Urban and Rural Poverty

Urban - sa city sila nakatira, kapag sa city matataas mga bayarin

Rural - ito yung sa province tas magsasaka ka.

RAYMOND WILLIAMS CONCEPT OF CULTURE

A process of human - inaaral ng isang tao ang kaniyang wika

A culture is an activity recorded and learned - documentaries, museum

Description of a particular way of life - kinagisnan, the way tayo mamuhay

CULTURAL UNIVERSALS - Lahat ng part ng culture present din sa ibang culture

• pangkalahatan, similar sa ibang culture

Elements of culture

1. Surface culture

2. Deep culture

Observable 

• Behaviors and practice

Non observable 

• Perception 

• Attitude 

• Beliefs

• Values

CULTURAL VARIATIONS - nakapaloob dito yung sub and countercul

SUBCULTURE - smaller groups na may kaniya-kaniyang culture

• jejemons

COUNTERCULTURE - salungat

• pinaniniwalaan may female at male pero dito sa counterculture sila yung nag iisip na meron pang iba may paniniwala sila na meron pang ibang seksuwalidad

Culture Shock

• unfamiliarity with a culture or a certain aspect of culture and it is actually normal.

ETHNOCENTRISM

Ethnos - Nation

Kentron - Center

Judge culture using the viewer's own beliefs, behaviors, values and traditions.

Ethnocentric people usually view their own culture as more superior than others.

• mas superior ang culture ko kesa sa culture mo boiiii HAHAHHAHAHAH

WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER

• masyado ng na-attach yung tao sa culture, natatakot na magbago

Attachment toward one's ingroup (own culture), which lead to hatred of the outgroup(other cutture)

XENOCENTRISM

• mas naniniwala siya na mas superior ang culture ng iba

• is the notion that another culture is superior to one's own.

• Involves one's preference to another's way of living and rejecting his or her own culture, believing that his or her way is better than his or her own.

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

SOCIOBIOLOGY

• Thinking

• Speaking

• Gripping

• Standing

CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Thinking Capacity

CEREBRUM  

• Hearing, vision, senses, reasoning, judgment and emotions

BRAIN STEM 

• Nagcocontrol sa organs ng ating katawan

• CEREBELLUM 

• cocontrol sa fine and gross motor skills

• Fine Motor Skills - sa kamay lang gumagalaw

• Gross Motor Skills - buong katawang gumagalaw

• define movements

SPEAKING CAPACITY

• ability to actually verbalize our thoughts

• kung ano iniisip mo hahaha yun yung sinasabi

GRIPPING CAPACITY

• directly oppose a thumb

2 KINDS OF GC

POWER GRIP - BUONG KAMAY

PRECISION GRIP - 3 FINGERS HAHAHAHHA me rin sana

WALKING OR STANDING CAPACITY

BIPEDALISM - ability to walk up two legs

SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION (Cultural Perspective)

1. STONE AGE

• Paggamit ng bato

• tools, weapons made of stones

3 PERIOD OF STONE AGE

1. PALEOLITHIC PERIOD

Paleo - Old

Lithic - stone

4 INDUSTRIES PALEO

• Oldowan Industry

• Acheulean Industry

• Mousterian Industry

2. MESOLITHIC PERIOD

• Paggawa ng potteries and textiles

3. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

• nag start sa mesopotamia

CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILIZATION

1. Rise of Agriculture - pag-alaga ng halaman at hayop

2. Diversification of Labor - pagkakaiba ng trabaho (Goldsmith, priest, governmetn)

3. Social Stratification - pag iidentify ng class (low, high, mid class)

4. Central Government - ruling class, laws, punish, building infrastructure. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF  CULTURE (LSSDA)

CULTURE IS LEARNED

You learn from your family and other people around you. You learn what is right and what is wrong. What is accepted or not, what is your roles and how you must do certain things in a certain way. You learn from your friends, peers and other people you encounter.

• tinuturo ng nakapaligid sau ang kultura

CULTURE IS SHARED

Culture binds together the members of society as they get along with eah other. People use this learned culture to

understand every individuals perception, ideas and values.

• dapat shineshare yung natutunan mong culture

CULTURE IS SYMBOLIC

Culture is large and abstract concept. It consists of abstract ideas, values and perceptions hat informthe way people behave and react in a given situation. It becomes a design for people's thoughts and actions that will help them survive challenges within the society.

CULTURE IS DYNAMIC

It is created by humans trough their collective behavior. It is also a product of people's changing perceptions, patterns and symbols bacause culture is not permanent and is subjec to change over time.

• nadedevelop

CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE

Cultural changes are evident in early human civilization which lived nomadically, hunting and gathering food in their environment. But after exhausting natural resources of one area, they transfer to another.

Cultural Relativism - nakakarelate sa culture ng iba due to experience

2 CATEGORIES OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM

Absolute Cultural Relativism - nonquestioning culture

• pagmamano

Critical Cultural Relativism 

• violates human rights

CULTURAL HERITAGES

1. TANGIBLE HERITAGE - Refers to the artifacts left by previous generations that reflect the continued culture of a society.

2 CLASSIFICATION OF  TANGIBLE HERITAGE

• MOVABLE HERITAGE

Clothing, book

Jewelries, documents

• IMMOVABLE HERITAGE

Buildings, churches. lighthouse and waterways

2. INTANGIBLE HERITAGE - Refers to the practices, expressions, knowledge and skills that communities, groups and sometimes individuals recognize as part of their culture

Oral tradition, performing arts, traditional craftsmanship and folklore.

CULTURAL HEGEMONY

• domination or rule maintained through ideological or cultural means

• Practice/ voluntary - nakasanayan na kahit hindi sabihin

• we do things na standard ng pinas

• mas gusto ang product ng iba kesa sa sariling product

CULTURAL DIFFUSION

• The process by which some culture items spread from one culture to another.

• When certain cultural values, ideas or even cultures are adopted by different cultures.

• Pag-adapt ng culture ng ibang culture

CULTURAL IMPERIALISM (cultural colonialism)

• Imposition of a dominant culture onto another due to political, economic and social factors.

• gumagamit ng force