Industrial RevolutionThe advent of machine power, mass production, and efficient transportation beginning in the late eighteenth century in Great Britain.

division of labor (or job specialization)The breakdown of jobs into narrow repetitive tasks.

scientific management The use of the scientific method to define the one best way for a job to be done.

general administrative theory Descriptions of what managers do and what constitutes good management practice

principles of management Fayol’s fundamental or universal principles of management practice.

Hawthorne studies Research done in the late 1920s and early 1930s devised by Western Electric Industrial engineers to examine the effect of different work environment changes on worker productivity, which led to a new emphasis on the human factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.

organizational behavior (OB)The field of study that researches the actions (behaviors) of people at work.

quantitative approachThe use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making. 

total quality management (TQM) A managerial philosophy devoted to continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations 

systems approach An approach to management that views an organization as a system, which is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.

open systems Systems that dynamically interact with their environment.

contingency approach(or situational approach) An approach to management that says that individual organizations, employees,and situations are different and require different ways of managing