(explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900)

• what happened after the revolution

• why did people rebel

• where did revolution take place

Joseph de Maistre was one who wanted to conserve traditional beliefs and was against the ideas of the Enlightenment.

The American Revolution→inspired by the European Enlightenment ideas…free market of ideas instead of mercantilism. American colonists were beginning to become independent making decisions instead of the Parliament. Declaration of Independance- colonists fight against British Rule with the help of the French. Thomas Jefferson included the phrase unalienable rights (life, liberty, and pursuit)

The New Zealand Wars→ the area was occupied by Polynesians called the Maori. A rich culture, divided into tribes, and often in warfare. Later annexed by British and conflict arose between them…this is known as the New Zealand Wars…British Won

The French Revolution→ Liberty, equality, and fraternity were popular ideas in France inspired by European philosophes.

Economic Woes→ France was in a financial situation, meeting was called made up of the Estates-General. Three sectors were part of this group: the clergy, nobility, an commoners. Inequality in voting for commoners caused them to form another group called the National Assembly

The Revolution Begins→ Marquis de Lafayette was on track of establishing a constitutional monarchy. The National Assembly was trying to meet up at Paria but failed due to King intervention. Crowds rioted, stormed the Bastille, a former prison that symbolizes corrupt monarchy and aristocracy. Royals left leaving the king to accept a new gov. with the King in charge. Later become French Independence day and adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man which abolished feudalism. Monarchs refused this which made the radical groups upset. These people later developed the First French Republic . The Reign of Terror- a time where the gov executed thousands of opponents of the revolution even king and queen. Later Napoleon becomes emperor.

The Haitian Revolution→ was once known as Hispaniola, slaves were against their white masters…slave revolt was called Maroons. Inspired by past revolutions former slaves .Toussaint L’Ouverture leads a rebellions against slavery. Haiti→ L’Ouverture made a constitution that granted equality and citizenship and later grants himself governor, plantation are divided and lands are distributed among all. L’Ouverture had worked with the French but was betrayed and jailed. Jean-Jacques Dessalines took over and help Latin America become the first to become independent due to slave uprising.

Comparing the Haitian and French Revolutions

→both developed from the idea that men had natural rights as citizens and there were restrains on the freedom of the people…more severe for Haitians as the rebellions was led by slaves who NO RIGHTS at all.

Creole Revolutions in Latin America

→revolutionary ideals taken up creoles…they were well educated and aware of the other revolutions that had took place. They saw them superior to the mestizos (born of European and Indian parents) Colonists born in Spain or Portugal, peninsulares, were superior to everyone. At the bottom was African slaves/mulattoes(African or European ancestor)

Causes for independence in Spain: many creoles were wealthy and opposed mercantilism…they wanted more political power and resented that important government jobs were given to peninsulares. Mestizos wanted political power and a share of wealth in the colonies.

The Bolivar Revolutions→many creoles wanted independence but avoided support of other social classes in fear of the wild ambitions. Simon Bolivar→ pushed for Enlightenment ideals and tool for independence. He was born to a family whose ancestors were in Spain and was wealthy. He believed he was a liberal who believed in free market and abolition of slavery.

New nations of Latin America suffered from wars of independence. Caudillos were strong local leaders with regional power bases. These men mostly disregarded forms of government and the rule of law.

Results of the Creole Revolutions→ Most constitutions of newly independent countries in Latin America had mostly ended social distinctions and abolished slavery…governments were often conservative. Peru constitution→ no voting for those who count not read or write in Spanish until new constitution. Women had gained little from revolutions…had many restrictions…except Simon Bolivar’s lover who actively participation

Later Challenges to Spanish Colonialism→ Lola Rodriguez de Tio a poet was known for her critiques of Spain’s exploitative rule over Puerto Rico. Helped encourage to fight back but she was sent to exile.Propaganda Movement→ remained a Spanish colony. Educational opportunities were limited controlled by religious authorities. As a result, many who could afford it, traveled to Europe for education and embraced Enlightenment thinking. Jose Rizal advocated for greater autonomy for the Philippines through propaganda. His later arrest and execution spurred the first nationalist movement, a challenge against Spanish rule.

Nationalism and Unification in Europe→ increased and thrived in France through shared language, history and customs

Italian Unification→ prime minister led the drive to unite Italian Peninsula, at a time where it was divided by kingdoms and city states. The minister (Count Cavour) believed in natural rights and practical politics of reality (realpolitik) and went forward to advance Italian unity through manipulation

German Unification→ nationalists movements had strengthened due to opposition to french occupation of German states under Napoleon control. Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck favored realpolitik and used nationalist feelings to create three wars to bring German unification. In each war, Prussia gained territory and later established the new German Empire.

Global Consequences→ Two new powers had emerged Italy and Germany. Unification didn’t solve all the Italian troubles as there was poverty, which led to immigration into other countries.

Balkan Nationalism→ ottoman empire was dominant in southeastern part of Europe but slowly declined. Failed to conquer Vienna due to contact with western European ideas and powers that Balkan nationalism developed.

Ottoman Nationalism→ effors were made to make a modern and unified state by minimizing differences across (linguistic, religious, and ethnic) However ethnic groups within the nations had different opinions on the approach and ironically intensified differences and desire for independence

The future of Nationalism→.

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