BIO 111 Midterm Lab


Flashcard 1

Front: What are the key aspects of general lab safety and procedures?

Back:

  • Wear appropriate PPE (gloves, goggles, lab coat).

  • Follow instructions and protocols carefully.

  • Know emergency procedures (e.g., fire extinguisher, eyewash station).

  • Dispose of waste properly.

  • Report accidents immediately.

  


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Flashcard 2

Front: Name 5 common lab equipment and their uses.

Back:

1. Beaker – holds liquids.

2. Graduated cylinder – measures liquid volume.

3. Pipette – transfers small amounts of liquid.

4. Microscope – magnifies small objects.

5. Balance – measures mass.


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Flashcard 3

Front: How do you convert 1,000 millimeters (mm) to meters (m)?

Back:

1,000 mm = 1 m (since 1 m = 1,000 mm).


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Flashcard 4

Front: What are the steps of the scientific method?

Back:

1. Make an observation.

  1. Ask a question.

  2. Form a hypothesis.

  3. Conduct an experiment.

  4. Analyze data.

  5. Draw conclusions.

  6. Communicate results.


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Flashcard 5

Front: Name the parts of a microscope and their functions.

Back:

- Eyepiece: Magnifies the image.

- Objective lenses: Provide different magnification levels.

- Stage: Holds the slide.

- Coarse/fine focus: Adjusts focus.

- Light source: Illuminates the specimen.

- Diaphragm: Controls light.

- Base and arm: Support the microscope.


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Flashcard 6

Front: How do you calculate total magnification on a microscope?

Back:

Total magnification = Eyepiece magnification × Objective lens magnification.

Example: 10x (eyepiece) × 40x (objective) = 400x total magnification.


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Flashcard 7

Front: What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Back:

- Prokaryotic: No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).

- Eukaryotic: Has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plant and animal cells).


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Flashcard 8

Front: Name the 4 types of macromolecules and their monomers.

Back:

1. Carbohydrates – monosaccharides.

2. Proteins – amino acids.

3. Lipids – fatty acids and glycerol.

4. Nucleic acids – nucleotides.


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Front: What are the 4 types of macromolecules, and how are they tested for?
Back:

  1. Carbohydrates – tested with Benedict’s solution (reducing sugars) or iodine (starch).

  2. Lipids – tested with Sudan IV or paper translucence test.

  3. Proteins – tested with Biuret reagent.

  4. Nucleic acids – tested with Dische diphenylamine test.


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Flashcard 9

Front: How do you test for the presence of starch?

Back: Use iodine solution; starch turns blue-black in its presence.


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Flashcard 10

Front: What is pH, and how do acids and bases differ in terms of ions?

Back:

- pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

- Acids donate H⁺ ions.

- Bases donate OH⁻ ions.


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Flashcard 11

Front: What are the characteristics of enzymes?

Back:

- Proteins that act as biological catalysts.

- Speed up reactions without being consumed.

- Specific to substrates.

- Affected by temperature and pH.


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Flashcard 12

Front: Label the parts of an enzyme reaction: enzyme, active site, substrate, and product.

Back:

- Enzyme: Protein that catalyzes the reaction.

- Active site: Where the substrate binds.

- Substrate: Reactant molecule.

- Product: Result of the reaction.


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Flashcard 13

Front: What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

Back:

- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

- Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.


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Flashcard 14

Front: What did the dialysis tubing lab demonstrate about osmosis and diffusion?

Back:

- Dialysis tubing acts as a selectively permeable membrane.

- Small molecules (e.g., water) pass through, while larger molecules (e.g., starch) do not.

- Demonstrates movement of substances based on concentration gradients.