Cours Matser SWM ISBS 2024-2025 Final (1)

Page 1: Introduction

• Title: Master in Solid Waste Management and Circular Economy

  • National and international solid waste legislations

• Author: Taoufik GARGOURI

• Professional Role: Environmental Expert, Director at ANPE

• Academic Year: 2024 – 2025

Page 2: Chapter I

• Theme: Environment and Sustainable Development

Page 3: Definition of the Environment

• Concept: The environment is a dynamic whole in continuous change comprising social and natural components.

  • Natural Environment: Includes biotic (flora and fauna) and abiotic elements (water, land).

  • Ecosystem Linkages: These components are interconnected within ecosystems, enabling societies to meet their needs through resources and energy.

  • Social Environment: Comprises human populations and structures related to food, shelter, education, and production.

  • Contemporary Issues: Environmental protection has emerged as a critical issue due to human-induced degradation and is one of the Millennium Development Goals.

Page 4: Sustainable Development

• Definition: Introduced by Ignacy Sachs in 1991 and 1993 as a self-sufficient development aligning with the needs of all populations and ecological respect.

• World Commission: The term "sustainable development" highlighted in 1987 describes development fulfilling present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own.

  • Core Concepts:

    • Needs: Prioritize basic needs of the poorest.

    • Limitations: Acknowledges environmental capacity constraints due to current technologies and social organization.

Page 5: Key Historical Context

• First Usage: The term "sustainable development" appeared in an WWF/IUCN/UNDP report in 1980.

Page 6: Characteristics of Sustainable Development

• Criteria:

  • Livable: Ecologically viable and socially just.

  • Viable: Economically profitable and environmentally sound.

  • Equitable: Fair distribution of resources and justice.

  • Pillars: Economic, social, and environmental sustainability.

Page 7: Sustainable Practices

• Principles:

  • Do not exploit resources beyond their renewal capability.

  • Emphasizes renewable energy usage, raw material recycling, and understanding ecological balance regarding species, air, and water quality.

  • Aims for an ecological footprint that sustains natural capital.

• Global Consensus: Governments and organizations have acknowledged the necessity for development sustainability initiatives.

Page 8: Key Philosophies

• Local vs. Global: "Act Local, Think Global" emphasizes integrating global sustainability perspectives into local actions.

• Pillars of SD:

  • Ecological: Environmental health and sustainability.

  • Social: Social justice and equity.

  • Economic: Economic viability.

  • Governance: Good governance is crucial for effective sustainable development policies.

Page 9: Governance

• Definition: Involvement of all stakeholders in decision-making, fostering participatory democracy.

• Transformation Process: Sustainable development is dynamic, aligning resource use choices with present and future needs.

• Actors in SD:

  • Market Players: Businesses across economic sectors.

  • State Actors: Public authorities at local and international levels.

  • Civil Society: NGOs and community representatives.

Page 10: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

• Definition: CSR denotes practices where companies incorporate social, environmental, and governance issues into their operations voluntarily.

• Impact of CSR: Affects national development, work conditions, and environmental impacts deriving from production systems.

Page 11: Sustainable Development Goals

• Overview: 17 global goals aimed at ending poverty, promoting prosperity, and protecting the planet using a holistic approach to tackle various issues including climate change.

Page 12: Inspirational Quote

• Quote: "We didn't inherit the land from our parents; we borrowed it from our children."

Page 13: Global Environmental Issues

• Focus: Addressing environmental degradation will be central for nations in the 21st century, classified into 2 primary categories:

  1. Resource depletion affecting biospheric productivity.

  2. Pollution that compromises human health and well-being.

Page 14: Air Pollution Concerns

• Greenhouse Gases: Excessive emissions from fuel consumption contribute to climate change, necessitating reduced emissions and energy consumption.

Page 15: Ozone Layer and Pollution

• Dangerous Levels: Ozone depletion allows excessive UV radiation exposure, contributing to public health risks.

  • Acid Rain: Water bodies suffer from pollution via acid rain affecting various ecological systems.

Page 16: Renewable Energy Sources

• Types: Solar, biomass, wind, geothermal, and hydropower aid in overcoming environmental problems.

• Population Growth Relations: Increased demand for resources and energy correlates with environmental degradation, with various strategies noted for addressing pollution.

Page 17: Environmental Protocols

• Montreal Protocol (1987): Addressed ozone layer depletion globally.

• Kyoto Protocol (1997): Nations committed to greenhouse reduction targets.

Page 18: Copenhagen Summit (2009)

• Overview: Key summit focused on emission commitments post-Kyoto, aimed at galvanizing global action on climate change.

Page 19: Sustainability in Tunisia

• Policy Shift: Focus on sustainable development since the late 1980s, with a legislative framework to address historical environmental issues.

• Key Actions: Integrated pollution control strategies in line with the

Master in Solid Waste Management and Circular Economy

National and International Solid Waste Legislations

Author: Taoufik GARGOURIProfessional Role: Environmental Expert, Director at ANPEAcademic Year: 2024 – 2025

Chapter I: Environment and Sustainable Development

Definition of the Environment

The environment is a complex, dynamic system that is in a state of continuous change, encompassing a multitude of social and natural components.

• Natural Environment: This includes both biotic elements such as flora (plants) and fauna (animals) and abiotic elements—non-living parts of the environment such as water, soil, and air.

• Ecosystem Linkages: Within ecosystems, these components interact and connect, allowing human societies to utilize natural resources and energy to fulfill their needs.

• Social Environment: This reflects the human populations, societal structures, and essential aspects related to food security, shelter, education, and economic production.

• Contemporary Issues: The need for environmental protection has risen to prominence as a crucial concern due to human activities that degrade natural systems. Addressing these issues aligns with the Millennium Development Goals aimed at fostering equitable and sustainable environmental practices.

Sustainable Development

• Definition: Coined by Ignacy Sachs in 1991 and 1993, sustainable development emphasizes a self-sufficient developmental approach that aligns with the needs of diverse populations while respecting ecological integrity.

• World Commission: The term was elaborated upon in the 1987 Brundtland Report, which defined sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

• Core Concepts:

  • Needs: Prioritization of the essential needs of the most disadvantaged and vulnerable individuals.

  • Limitations: Recognition of environmental limitations imposed by current levels of technology and social organization which require innovative solutions.

Key Historical Context

The phrase "sustainable development" first emerged in an influential report published by WWF/IUCN/UNDP in 1980, highlighting the awareness and discussions surrounding environmental sustainability issues at that time.

Characteristics of Sustainable Development

• Criteria:

  • Livable: Ensures that ecological viability is combined with social justice principles.

  • Viable: Achieves economic profitability while maintaining environmental soundness.

  • Equitable: Facilitates a fair distribution of resources, ensuring justice across societies.

• Pillars:

  • Economic Sustainability: Promotes responsible economic growth and development.

  • Social Sustainability: Strives for equity, human rights, and community well-being.

  • Environmental Sustainability: Safeguards natural ecosystems and the biodiversity necessary for life.

Sustainable Practices

• Principle: Avoid over-exploiting natural resources beyond their renewal capacity, aiming for a balance with ecological systems.

• Focus on Renewable Energy: Encourage the use of renewable energy sources and the recycling of materials to minimize waste and environmental impact.

• Ecological Footprint: Aim for a sustainable ecological footprint that reflects the capacity of nature to regenerate resources and absorb waste.

• Global Consensus: There has been global acknowledgment among governments and organizations regarding the necessity for implementing sustainability initiatives to counteract environmental changes.

Key Philosophies

• Local vs. Global: The mantra "Act Local, Think Global" urges the integration of local actions with global sustainability efforts.

• Pillars of Sustainable Development:

  • Ecological: Focuses on ensuring environmental health and sustainability.

  • Social: Centers on justice, equity, and access for all.

  • Economic: Envisions a viable economy that supports sustainable development goals.

  • Governance: Emphasizes the importance of governance that encourages participation, transparency, and accountability in sustainable practices.

Governance

• Definition: Effective governance requires the involvement of all stakeholders in the decision-making process, nurturing a culture of participatory democracy that enhances legitimacy.

• Transformation Process: Sustainable development is a dynamic process shaped by deliberate choices regarding resource use, striving to align current practices with future needs.

• Actors in Sustainable Development:

  • Market Players: Private and public businesses across various economic sectors.

  • State Actors: Public authorities at both local and international levels are vital for sustainable management.

  • Civil Society: This includes non-profit organizations, community groups, and civil society representatives advocating for sustainable practices.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

• Definition: CSR refers to practices by which companies voluntarily incorporate social, environmental, and governance issues into their operational strategies.

• Impact of CSR: These practices influence national developmental policies, workforce conditions, and the environmental implications arising from production and consumption practices.

Sustainable Development Goals

• Overview: This initiative encompasses 17 well-defined global goals aiming to eradicate poverty, promote shared prosperity, and protect our planet, calling for a holistic approach to address critical issues, including climate change, inequality, and health.

Inspirational Quote

• Quote: "We didn't inherit the land from our parents; we borrowed it from our children." This encapsulates the essence of sustainability and responsible stewardship of the planet.

Global Environmental Issues

• Focus: Addressing environmental degradation is crucial for nations in the 21st century, with challenges categorized into two main areas:

  • Resource Depletion: Challenges surrounding the depletion of natural resources affect the biospheric productivity essential for life.

  • Pollution: The pervasive issue of pollution poses significant threats to human health and overall well-being, necessitating immediate attention.

Air Pollution Concerns

• Greenhouse Gases: The excessive emissions from fossil fuel combustion significantly contribute to climate change, underscoring the urgent need for reduced emissions and energy-efficient practices.

Ozone Layer and Pollution

• Dangerous Levels: The depletion of the ozone layer leads to heightened exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which poses serious health risks for populations globally.

• Acid Rain: Water bodies are adversely affected due to pollution caused by acid rain, impacting aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity.

Renewable Energy Sources

• Types: Various renewable energy sources, including solar, biomass, wind, geothermal, and hydropower, play critical roles in mitigating environmental challenges and fostering cleaner energy solutions.

• Population Growth Relations: The increasing demand for resources and energy is intrinsically linked to environmental degradation, calling for robust strategies to address the resultant pollution and resource management.

Environmental Protocols

• Montreal Protocol (1987): A landmark agreement aimed at reducing substances responsible for ozone depletion globally.

• Kyoto Protocol (1997): An international treaty that commits its parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, acknowledging that global warming exists and human-made CO2 emissions have caused it.

Copenhagen Summit (2009)

• Overview: A pivotal summit centered on international climate agreements and commitments for emission reductions beyond the Kyoto Protocol, garnering global attention for cooperative climate action.

Sustainability in Tunisia

• Policy Shift: Tunisia's focus has shifted towards sustainable development since the late 1980s, creating a robust legislative framework aimed at addressing historical and emerging environmental issues.

• Key Actions: Implementation of integrated pollution control strategies in alignment with national and international sustainability efforts, ensuring a healthier environment for current and future generations.