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What is Text?

• A text is a large unit of written language.

• It is a coherent set of words, phrases, and sentences that expresses one main point or central idea.

• Transitional device are words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to another,

or from one paragraph to another.

• Most of the common transitional words to show sequence of events are first, next, then, after and suddenly.

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Pre-reading

finish.

 Is the process of skimming a text to locate key ideas before carefully reading a text (or a chapter of a text) from start to

Free writing

 Freewriting is a technique in which the author writes their thoughts quickly and continuously, without worrying about form,

style, or even grammar.

Listing

 When writing down ideas and make a connection by associating similar ideas with color-coded circles or underlined

 dominant themes and link these with lines to show the relations of each.

Graphic Organizer

 This is a visual presentation of concepts that help structure information into organizational patterns.

 This refers to visual symbols that are used to express ideas or thoughts.

Topical Organizer

This technique allows the writer to map out their ideas.

Venn Diagram

It is a technique which uses two or more overlapping circles to show similar characteristics of the concept as well as the

contrasting ideas, they differ in.

Pattern

It refers to the techniques and principles that can be used as guide based on the writer’s intentions. It also keeps track on the

development of writing which is dependent on the purpose, vastness of knowledge on the subject, and your own style.

Topic outline

 It is a process of writing down specific topics gathered from different sources, involves documents and comes with a list of

topics.

 The topic outline uses phrases only. There are no sentences. Verbal may be used.

 Helps writers organize their ideas and stay on topic

 Helps writers see how their ideas fit together

 A topic outline is a way to organize the topics of a paper using words or phrases.

Topic sentence

 A Sentence outline provides more information than a topic outline.

 a sentence that expresses the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs.

They both use headings to identify mini-topics, and they both help develop a topic within the boundaries of a thesis statement.

Patterns in development in writing

Narration

Tells a story. It relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a conclusion or an ending. It tells the readers when, where, and

what happened.

Description

A description gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like. It appeals to the reader’s senses; it makes

the reader see, hear, taste, smell, or feel the subject.

Definition

A definition explains a concept, a term, or a subject. Its main purpose is to tell what something is.

Exemplification is a writing technique that involves providing specific examples to clarify or support a point or idea.

Classification

This pattern organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and standards.

Compare and Contrast

This pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one

another.

Cause and Effect

This pattern of development organizes details based on the cause, the reasons, and the result or consequences of a certain

phenomenon.

Problem and Solution

This pattern has two parts. They are the problem and the solution. The writer presents the problem and some facts or