A&P Lab 2 | Lab 1

BIOL 2402 Lab 1 Handout

Know the major regions of the brain

Brainstem – lower portion of brain

Diencephalon- center portion of brain

Cerebellum – posterior portion of brain below cerebrum

Cerebrum- largest portion of brain

Be able to identify the parts of the brain stem on models and sheep brain.

Medulla oblongata (inferior portion) attaches to spinal cord

Pons (middle portion) anterior to cerebellum

Midbrain (superior portion)

Anterior – cerebral peduncles

Posterior- corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior colliculus,

Be able to identify the parts of the cerebellum on models and sheep brains.

Cerebellar cortex- gray matter that makes up outer layer

Folia – folds

Vermis – area where hemispheres connect

Arbor vitae – tree shaped white matter inside of cerebellum

Be able to identify the parts of the diencephalon on models and sheep brains.

Thalamus – central portion of both sides of brain

Intermediate mass of thalamus – connects the two thalamus

Center of thalamus

Hypothalamus – area below thalamus

Epithalamus (pineal gland) – posterior portion

Be able to identify the parts of the cerebrum on models and sheep brains.

Longitudinal fissure – separates the hemispheres

Know the difference between white matter and gray matter.

Gray matter – outer layer of cerebrum (cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia)

Gyrus – ridges

Sulcus – grooves

White matter – myelinated axons

Know the types of fibers in the brain.

Association fibers – connect portions in the same hemisphere

Commissure fibers – connect hemispheres

Corpus callosum – largest connection between hemispheres

Projection fibers – connect brain to body

Be able to identify the lobes of cerebrum on models.

Frontal – anterior portion of brain

Central sulcus - separates frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Precentral gyrus – posterior gyrus of frontal lobe

Parietal – posterior and superior portion of cerebrum

Postcentral gyrus – anterior gyrus of parietal lobe

Temporal – lateral lobes

Lateral cerebral sulcus – separates temporal lobe from frontal

Occipital – posterior and inferior portion of brain

Know the functional areas of the cerebral cortex.

Frontal lobe -

Precentral gyrus – primary motor area

Broca’s speech area – initiates speech

Parietal lobe

Postcentral gyrus – primary somatosensory area

Primary gustatory area – sense of taste

Wernicke’s area – translates sounds to words

Temporal lobe

Primary auditory area – sense of hearing

Primary olfactory area – sense of smell

Occipital lobe

Primary visual area – sense of sight

Know the major types of brain waves.

Alpha wave – active when awake and resting

Beta wave – active during mental activity

Theta wave – active during stressful activities

Delta wave – active during deep sleep

Know the protection around the brain.

Meninges:

Dura mater – tough, outer most layer

Arachnoid – middle membrane that contains a network of collagen fibers

Pia mater – inner most layer

Know the CSF production, circulation, and absorption.

Be able to identify the locations of CSF production.

Choroid plexus –

Lines ventricles

Made of ependymal cells that produce CSF

Be able to identify parts of CSF circulation.

Lateral ventricles – located in each hemispheres

Connect to third ventricle

Third ventricle – located between the two thalamus and inside of hypothalamus

Cerebral aqueduct – connects third ventricle to fourth ventricle

Fourth ventricle – located between cerebellum and pons

Central canal – carries CSF from fourth ventricle through spinal cord

Be able to identify the location of CSF absorption.

Superior sagittal sinus – located between hemispheres superior to corpus callosum

Arachnoid villa- extensions of arachnoid into superior sagittal sinus that

absorbs CSF