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Chapter 1

Definitions

Chemistry: the study of the properties and behavior of matter.
Matter: the physical material of the universe; anything that has mass and takes up space.
Property: any characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and to distinguish it from other types.
Elements: combine together to create matter.
Atoms: the tiniest particles that are the building blocks of matter and can not be divided further.
Molecules: two or more atoms.

Elements and Symbols

Name	Symbol	Protons	Neutrons	Electrons	Possible Charge
Antimony	Sb	51	71	51	3+, 3-, 5+
Aluminum	Al	13	14	13	3+
Argon	Ar	18	22	18	0
Arsenic	As	33	42	33	3-
Barium	Ba	56	81	52	2+
Beryllium	Be	4	5	4	2+
Bismuth	Bi	83	126	83	3-
Boron	B	5	6	5	1-, +3,
Bromine	Br	35	45	35	1-
Cadmium	Cd	48	64	48	2+
Calcium	Ca	20	20	20	2+
Carbon	C	6	6	6	0
Cesium	Cs	55	78	55	1+
Chlorine	Cl	17	18	17	1-
Chromium	Cr	24	28	24	2+, 3+
Cobalt	Co	27	32	27	2+, 3+
Copper	Cu	29	35	29	1+, 2+
Fluorine	F	9	10	9	1-
Gallium	Ga	31	39	31	1+, 3+
Germanium	Ge	32	41	32	2+, 4+
Gold	Au	79	118	79	1+, 3+
Helium	He	2	2	2	0
Hydrogen	H	1	0	1	1+
Iodine	I	53	74	53	1-
Iron	Fe	26	30	26	2+, 3+
Lead	Pb	82	125	82	2+, 4+
Lithium	Li	3	4	3	1+
Magnesium	Mg	12	12	12	2+
Manganese	Mn	25	31	25	2+, 3+
Mercury	Hg	80	121	80	0
Neon	Ne	10	10	10	0
Nickel	Ni	28	31	28	2+
Nitrogen	N	7	7	7	3-
Oxygen	O	8	8	8	2-
Phosphorus	P	15	16	15	3-
Platinum	Pt	78	117	78	2+
Potassium	K	19	20	19	1+
Radium	Ra	88	138	88	2+
Rubidium	Rb	37	48	37	1+
Silicon	Si	14	14	14	4+
Silver	Ag	47	61	47	1+
Sodium	Na	11	12	11	1+
Strontium	Sr	38	50	38	2+
Sulfur	S	16	16	16	2-
Tin	Sn	50	69	50	2+, 4+
Titanium	Ti	22	26	22	2+, 3+, 4+
Uranium	U	92	146	92	4+, 6+
Zinc	Zn	30	35	30	2+

Metric Prefixes and Numerical Values

Prefix	Symbol	Numerical value
Giga	G	10^9
Mega	M	10^6
kilo	k	10³
centi	c	10^-2
milli	m	10^-3
micro	\mu	10^-6
nano	n	10^-9

1 ml = 1 cm³

Density = \dfrac{m}{V}

Fahrenheit: \dfrac{9}{5}\left( °C+32\right)

Celsius: \dfrac{5}{9}\left( °F-32\right)

Kelvin/Celsius conversion

0°C = 273 K

Chapter 2

Metals that have various oxidation states:

V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Au, Hg, Sb, Sn, Pb, U

Metalloids: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te (stair step on periodic table)

Atomic number is the number of protons (+) and electrons (-)

Mass number is the number of protons plus neutrons

Mass # - Atomic # = number of neutrons

Average Mass: \Sigma [(mass)(% fractional abundance)] for EVERY isotope

Periodic Table Groups

1A = Alkali metals
2A = Alkaline earth metals
3-12 = Transition metals
7A = Halogens
8A = Noble gases

Polyatomic Ions

Important molecules

Water (H₂O)
Ammonia (NH₃)
Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S)

Acids

Organic Molecules (base molecules)

Methane (CH₄)
Ethane (CH₃-CH₃)
Propane (CH₃-CH₂-CH₃) as base molecules
Change ending to –ol for alcohols, using numbering to specify the location when necessary.

Chapter 3 Symbols for chemical reactions

(g) = gas
(l) = liquid
(s) = solid
(aq) = dissolve in aqueous (water) solution
(\Delta ) = heat needed for reaction

Different reaction types

Percent Composition Formula

% element = [(# of atoms)(molecular weight)/ molar mass of compound] x 100%

Avogadro’s Number: 6.022 × 10²³mol

Percent Yield Formula

(actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100%

What to Memorize: Exam 1