During Big Era 5, many connections were established among regions. These formed Interregional patterns of unity.

2. World population grew! It started with a decline and ended with a sharp increase

3. Why was there a decline in population?

a. Decline of Big Empires

b. Plague

c. climate changes

4. The population of the Americas was much Smaller than the population of Afro Eurasia.

5. The population growth in Afro Eurasia affected the environment. Deforestation happened when Cities and Farming expanded.

6. wood was insufficient for heat, construction, and metal-working.

7. Soil eroded and degraded.

8. River Flooding devastated villages, farmlands, and cities.

9. Famines meant people didn't get enough to eat.

10. Migrating groups moved into other groups' territories, forcing them to go elsewhere

11. Migrating groups introduced new plants and animals into their homes.

12. Migrations diffused crafts, technologies for farming, and warfare

13. Migrations diffused languages, styles of living, and arts.

States and Empires in 600 CE

Byzantine and Frankish

15. States and Empires in 800 CE

• Abbasia and Tang

16. States and Empires in 1237 CE

•  Mongol

17. States and Empires in 1400 CE

•  Ming

18. Trade helped spread religions

19. Trade stimulated the use of natural resources

20. cities and manufacturing centers grew bigger

21. Banks, credit, and money systems encouraged regional and long distance trade.

Case Study: Early African Societies

I. Diverse Geography

a. Deserts (Sahara, Kalahari)

b. Rainforests (Tsetse fly-deadly to animals and causes sleeping sickness in humans

C. Savannas (grassy plains) mostly populated

II. Early Humans

a. Location: Northern Africa Rift Valley

b. Hunters-gatherers > -animal herders › agriculture developed > permanent

homes are built

III. Early Societies in Africa

a. Organized in clans

b. Belief in one Creator or god

c. Animism - spirits are a constant

d.Griots (storytellers) pass history along orally

e. Examples: Nok in W. Africa involved in iron production

f. Denne- DJeno - early African city

Case Study: The Mongols

I.The Mongol Conquests

a. The Mongols united the nomads of the Asian steppes through conquest

b. Nomadic pastoralists (Herders) often came into conflict with landed groups

c. Lived in clans (common ancestors)

II. The Rise of the Mongols

a. Genghis khan (Temujin) defeated rival clans and became universal ruler of the Mongols

b. Conquered much of Asia=China, Central Asia (Islamic lands) by 1225

c. Used terror and brilliant military strategies (organized troops well)

d. Created the largest unified land empire in history!

III.The Mongol Empire

a. After his death, Successors expanded the empire into Russia, North and South Korea

b. By 1260, the Mongols controlled 4 Khanates or regions

c. Destroyed Cities and irrigation systems

d. tolerant rulers - did not impose beliefs

e. Pax Mongolica (Mongolian peace) -allowed for missionaries, travel, active trade between Europe and Asia

Rise of Islam

I.Muhammad's Successors expand Islam

A. caliph - Successor or Deputy

1.  “Rightly Guided” Caliphs

a) Expand Religion and Empire

2. Abu - Bakr 

a) jihad

3. Expand Empire 6000 miles, Atlantic to the Indus valley

4. Treatment of Conquered

a)christians and Jews taxed

b) Religious restrictions 

c)Protected under law

II. Internal Conflict

A. Ali's right to rule challenged

1.  Was eventually assassinated

В. Umayyad- powerful family in Islamic Empire

1. wealth and luxury

C.Sunni vs Shi'a

1.  Sunni - Rulers should follow Muhammed's example

2.  Shia - Rulers should be descendant of Muhammed

3.  Umayyad's conflict with others leads to fall and rise of new rebel group Abbasids in 750 AD

III. Control Extends

A. Abbasids rule Empire

1.  Expand

2.  Tax and fund Treasury

3. Work with religious leaders to unify Religion and State

В. Empire becomes too big to Control

1.  Caliphate breaks into smaller Muslim empires

2.  Trade Remains

3. Land and sea networks remain to link china and India

A.Middle Ages

1.  Classical heritage of Rome

2.  Belief in Roman Catholic Church

3. Customs of Germanic Tribes

B. Trade Disrupted

1.  Money Becomes Scarce

2. Cities no longer centers of trade

C.Downfall of cities

1.  Fall of Rome

2. populations shift back to rural life

D.Learning Declines

1. Literacy drops

2. common languages are lost

II. Germanic kingdoms

A.Government Style Changes

1.  People are loyal to family not governments.

2.  Franks- Germanic Tribe in Modern France

3.  Clovis- Frankish leader who becomes Christian and fights other tribes for control

a) Creates partnership between Church and a Kingdom

III.Germans adopt Christianity

A. Missionaries spread Christian beliefs

1. Monasteries created 

1. Monks and nuns

2. Devotion to religious practice 

3. Education on rise

B. Papacy Expands

1. Pope not only religious figure but political

1. Gregory 1

IV.Charlemagne becomes emperor

A.Leads and unites Germanic tribes under one rule

1. Spreads Christianity further and creates the largest empire since Rome

B.Charlemagne crowned emperor after assisting the pope

1. Respect and great ruler

2. Brought back learning and much of what was lost from Rome 

Feudalism

Rome fell in AD 476 as a result of invasion by the Germanic tribes

> Central government broke down and trade was disrupted

> Cities were abandoned and population centers shifted to rural areas

> Ties of personal loyalty and family bound Germanic peoples together

> The lack of centralized government created the need for a new social order

> Christianity remained a major unifying force throughout most of Western Europe

› Common needs for economic self-sufficiency and local protection led to a new pattern based on land ownership

> The manor became the main economic unit. Church leaders helped to integrate community life

> The feudal system developed with a king at the top and mutual duties linking local lords, vassals, and peasants

Feudalism: A political and economic

system based on the relationships between kings, knights, lords, peasants, and the Church

a. King

1.  "Superficial”

2.  Demanded homage and respect 

3. Owned Land 

4.  Developed royal forests (knights trained)

5. Owned towns and manor (50-70 people) land

b. Church

1. Provided hope and stability

2. education

3.  Most powerful institution

c.Lords

1.  Nobles 

2. Administer Justice 

3. Loyal to Kings 

4. Protect King

5. Judges held Court

d. Knights

1.  "Chivalry -code of behavior

2. Fair, honorable, brave, honest 

3. Respect women, protect the church 

4. Defended Lord's land

e. Serfs (peasants)

1. Holding up Society 

2. Serfs are Bound to the land

3. Work on land (farming)

4. Repair manor

Chivalry

Chivalry and the Knighthood

1. chivalry: a set of ideas demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of:

2. Earthly lord

   • heavenly lord

   • chosen lady

3. Weapons

4. leather saddles and stirrups are used

   • they could ride faster, safer, and could carry heavier weapons

5. Knights

6. began training at a very young age

   • they were rewarded with fiefs (land) from lords for their military service

   • battle could be very violent

7. The literature of war

8. many stories idealized castle life and glorified knighthood

   • Epic poems: story’s told about heroes and adventures

   • song of Roland: famous medieval poem about a battle during Charlemagne’s reign

   • troubadours: traveling poet musicians

9. women's role in feudal society

10. most women were powerless and inferior to men

    • noble women could inherit land an defend their castle if their husband was away, but were generally confined to be at home

    • peasant women work in the fields, bore children, and took care of their families

Church reform and the crusades

Spiritual Revival

• Starting in 900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival and expand Church power

Problems in the Church

• Some Church officials married even though the Church objects

• Some officials practice simony - Sold positions in the church

• Kings use lay investiture to appoint church bishops

Reform and Church Organization

• Starting in 1000s, popes reorganize Church like a kingdom

• Pope's advisors make canon laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe

• Church collects tithes

• Friars vow poverty. They travel, preach, and live with the poor

Cathedrals- Cities of god

• Between 800-1100, churches are built in Romanesque Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches

A New Style of Church Architecture

• Gothic style evolves around 1100; term for Germanic tribe, Goths

• The Gothic style has large, tall windows for more light,; pointed arches, churches have stained glass windows, and many sculptures.

• About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270

The Crusades

• In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Turks

• Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade - a "holy war"

Goals of the Crusades

• Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and  constantinople and reunite Christianity

• Kings use the Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble

• Younger sons hope to earn land or Status or win glory by fighting

• Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through control of keytrade routes

The First and Second Crusades

• Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven - to void their Sins

• First Crusade: three armies gather at constantinople in 1097

• Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099

• Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states

• Turks take back Edessa in 1144; Second Crusade fails to retake it

• In 1187 Saladin - Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior - retakes Jerusalem

The Third Crusade

• Third Crusade led by three powerful rulers

• One is Richard the Lion-Hearted - King of England

• Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard

• Frederick I of Germany drowns during the journey

• In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles

• Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter city 

Later Crusades

Fourth Crusade:

• Crusades loot Constantinople in 1204

• two other crusades strike Egypt but fail to weaken Muslims 

The Children’s Crusade

• In 1212 thousands of children’s die or are enslaved in failed crusade

A Spanish Crusade

• Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people 

• Christians fight Reconquista - drive Muslims from Spain, 1100-1492

• Spain has inquisition - court to suppress heresy; expels non-Christians

The Effects of the Crusades  

• Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight

• Women who stay stay home manage the estate and business affairs

• Merchants expand trade

• Failure of later crusades weaken Pope and nobles, strengthen kings

• Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians

• Crusades not successful for the Christians led to a collapse of feudalism

The Black Death

1. Causes;

2. rats infected with fleas carrying the plague

   • Initially Mongols transported with rats and fleas in their food supply

   • Poor sanitation in feudalism manors 

3. Effects

4. Social/Emotional

   • Religious affect - Jews and God blamed - Church suffered

     • Constant state of anxiety 

     • Increased concern for sanitation

   • Economic 

   • Feudalism began to break down

     • Population decreased 

     • Increased availability of land and demand for labor