Refers to a classification of people based on combinations of shared characteristics such as nationality, geographic origin, language, religion, ancestral customs, and traditions
People vary greatly in the importance they attach to their ethnic heritage and the degree to which it affects their attitudes, values, and behavior.
Language and mother tongue is an obvious influence of ethnicity on communication
Traditional thinking about men’s and women’s co-culture
Part of what men and women learn from their co-culture is expectations of how they are to behave and communicate
Women’s co-culture values the nurturing role, so women who identify with the feminine co-culture tend to speak more about their personal relationships, more easily describe feelings and more likely to include others in the conversation
Men who identify with the masculine co-cultural norms may focus more on tasks or outcomes when they communicate
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Example Studies:
Linguistic Schoolscope: Studying the Place of English and Philippine Languages of Irosin Secondary School
She found out that local languages in their province have very limited space in formal education, especially in the secondary level. Thus, the preferential use of English in the school LL, on one side, underscores the power, prestige of the language over the national and local languages and other, it may be contingent on the context where the dominant language is used. (Susan Fresnido Astillero, 2011)
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Language of Order: English in the linguistic landscape of two major train stations in the Philippines
English dominated the linguistic landscape of the two stations and very likely in many parts of the Philippines, evidently, there is no “active competition” between English and Filipino in the linguistic landscape of the country. Hence, instead of being bilingual, it seems rather apt to call the LL essentially “unilingual” (Rob Reyes, 2015)
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(Hofstede, 1980, in Sipacio & Balgios, 2016)
Individualism | Collectivism |
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In individualistic cultures, people tend to consider the interests of others primarily in relationship to how they affect the interest of the self | Collectivist cultures place primary value on the interest of the group and group harmony |
Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s opinions, freedom, innovation, and self-expression | Collectivist societies are highly integrated and maintaining harmony and cooperation are valued over competitiveness over personal achievement |
Collectivist cultures emphasize community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, the public good and avoiding embarrassment |
Low Uncertainty Avoidance | High Uncertainity Avoidance |
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US, Sweden, DenmarkPeople accept the unpredictability and ambiguity in life more easilyTolerate the unusualAdmire initiativeTake risksThere should be as few rules as possible | Japan, Portugal, Greece, PeruUse and value precise language because careful word choice makes the meaning of a message easier to understandWary of strangersPrefer meeting people through friends and family |
Low Power Distance | HIgh Power Distance |
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Inequalities in power, status, and rank are mutedEven though power idfferences exist, these cultures values democracy and egalitarian behaviorUS, Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway, New Zealand, Israel | Inequalities in power, status and rank are viewed as naturalEveryone in the culture has a rightful placeMost Arab countries , India, Malaysia, Guatemala, Venezuela, Singapore |
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