Metacognition Questions EXAM1

THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION

1. What is anatomy?
2. What is physiology?
3. What are the 2 branches of anatomy?
4. What is histology?
5. What is cytology?
6. What does gross anatomy refer to?
7. What is regional anatomy?
8. What is systemic anatomy?
9. What is surface anatomy?
10. What is developmental anatomy?
11. What is embryology?
12. What is pathological anatomy?
13. What is radiographic anatomy?
14. What does functional morphology explore?
15. Write out the hierarchy of structural organization.
16. What are atoms?
17. What do atoms combine to form?
18. What are the four classes of macromolecules found in the body? What are they the building blocks for?
19. What are cells?
20. How many cells make up the human body?
21. What is a tissue?
22. What are the four tissue types that make up all of the organs of the human body?
23. Describe each tissue.
24. What are organs?
25. Describe each of the 12 organ systems listed in one sentence.
26. What is the basic unit of length in the metric system?
27. What is the basic unit of weight in the metric system?
28. What is the basic unit of volume in the metric system?
29. Why do anatomists use reference terms?
30. What is anatomical position?
31. Give an example referring to 2 different body parts using the word superior.
32. Give an example referring to 2 different body parts using the word inferior.
33. Give an example referring to 2 different body parts using the word anterior.
34. Give an example referring to 2 different body parts using the word posterior.
35. Give an example referring to 2 different body parts using the word medial.
36. Give an example referring to 2 different body parts using the word lateral.
37. Give an example referring to 3 different body parts using the word intermediate.
38. Give an example referring to 2 different body parts using the word proximal.
39. Give an example referring to 2 different body parts using the word distal.
40. Give an example referring to 2 different body parts using the word superficial.
41. Give an example referring to 2 different body parts using the word deep.
42. Describe the axial region.
43. Describe the appendicular region.
44. Draw out the 9 abdominopelvic regions.
45. What 2 cavities are within the dorsal cavity?
46. What cavities are within the ventral cavity?
47. What cavities are within the abdominopelvic cavity?
48. What are the visceral organs?
49. What cavities are within the thoracic cavity?
50. What are serosa?
51. What is produced between the visceral and parietal serosa membranes? What does it allow? How does it prevent infection?
52. Describe the coronal, transverse, sagittal, and median plane.
53. What is another word for frontal plane?
54. What is another word for a transverse plane?
55. What is a cut made diagonally called?
56. What are 3 types of microscopy?
57. What is the difference between light microscopy and TEM?
58. Which uses a heavy metal salt stain and produces a 3D image?

CELLS

1. Who is the father of microscopy? What term did he coin?
2. What is the hierarchy of life (biological organization) from small to large?
3. How do cells differ?
4. What are the 4 major macromolecules that cells are comprised of?
5. What is cell theory?
6. We all developed from a single cell called what?
7. How many cells do we have?
8. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
9. What are the 3 main parts of a cell?
10. What is another word for the plasma membrane?
11. What type of bilayer forms the membrane?
12. What are phospholipids composed of? Be specific.
13. Where are proteins embedded?
14. What does the word “fluid” refer to in the membrane? What does the word “mosaic” refer to in the membrane?
15. What is the difference between and integral and a peripheral protein?
16. What do selectively permeable membranes allow?
17. What is diffusion? What type of transport is diffusion? What is osmosis?
18. What are 3 types of endocytosis?
19. How are phagocytosis and pinocytosis different?
20. How do proteins play a role in exocytosis?
21. What are three major elements that make up the cytoplasm?
22. What is cytosol? What does it consist of? What happens in the fluid?
23. List nine organelles.
24. What are ribosomes the site of?
25. What is the difference between the rough and the smooth ER?
26. What does the smooth ER lack?
27. What does the golgi apparatus sort?
28. What does the mitochondria generate? Via what cellular process?
29. What is the membrane of the mitochondria like?
30. What do lysosomes contain? What does the demolition crew do?
31. Where are secretory lysosomes found?
32. What do peroxisomes participate in? What do the membranous sacs contain?
33. What do peroxisomes detoxify?
34. What do peroxisomes neutralize?
35. What does the cytoskeleton provide?
36. What 3 types of protein rods does the cytoskeleton contain?
37. Which is the thickest? Which is the thinnest?
38. What are microtubules?
39. What are microfilaments?
40. What are intermediate filaments? What do they resist? What do they provide?
41. What is the centrosome composed of?
42. What do centrioles organize?
43. What is the nucleus? What does it contain?
44. What are 3 parts of the nucleus?
45. What is the nucleolus the site of
46. Which bases of DNA are purines?
47. Which bases of DNA are pyrimidines?
48. Which pairs have more hydrogen bonds?
49. What is chromatin composed of?
50. What is condensed chromatin?
51. What is extended chromatin?
52. What are chromosomes?
53. What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
54. How do cells reproduce?
55. After cell division, the resulting daughter cells are __________?
56. Chromosomes are made up of what?
57. How many chromosomes do you have?
58. What 2 copies are called sister chromatids?
59. What are the 2 distinct phases of the cell cycle?
60. Which phase do cells spend 90% of their time in?
61. Describe each of the following stages of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2, M, and C
62. Mitosis is preceded by __________.
63. What are the 4 distinct phases of mitosis?
64. What happens to chromosomes in prophase?
65. What disappears in prophase?
66. When becomes distinct in prophase?
67. Sister chromatids cluster where in metaphase? This plane midway between the poles is called what?
68. What happens to centromeres during anaphase?
69. What forms around separated sister chromosomes during telophase?
70. Cytokinesis is the division of what?
71. How many types of cells are there?
72. What cells make a protein component of fibers?
73. What cells uptake respiratory gases like oxygen?
74. What is an epithelial cell?
75. What are skeletal and smooth muscle cells filled with?
76. What is another word for a fat cell? Look at the picture of the fat cell. What word is used to describe the nucleus since the large round, cell is filled with a large fat droplet in its cytoplasm?
77. What is the largest cell in the body?
78. What cell has a long tail for swimming to reach the egg?

TISSUES

1. What are the four major categories of tissues? Describe each category in 1 sentence.
2. What is histology?
3. Describe epithelia.
4. Where do glands develop from?
5. What are 6 unique characteristics of epithelia?
6. How are epithelia classified?
7. What is the difference between simple and stratified arrangements of epithelial tissues?
8. What are the different shapes of epithelial tissues?
9. What are 2 less easily categorized types of epithelia called? Describe each.
10. Which of the less easily characterized epithelia is ciliated?
11. Where is transitional epithelium found?
12. What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
13. What is an endothelium?
14. What is a mesothelium?
15. What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
16. What is the location of simple squamous epithelium?
17. What is simple cuboidal epithelium?
18. What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
19. What is the location of simple cuboidal epithelium?
20. What is simple columnar epithelium?
21. What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
22. What is the location of simple columnar epithelium?
23. What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
24. What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
25. What is the location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
26. What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
27. What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
28. What is the location of stratified squamous epithelium?
29. What is stratified cuboidal epithelium?
30. What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
31. What is the location of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
32. What is stratified columnar epithelium?
33. What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?
34. What is the location of stratified columnar epithelium?
35. What is transitional epithelium?
36. What is the function of transitional epithelium?
37. What is the location of transitional epithelium?
38. What do glands make? What are the products like?
39. Where do glands remove material from?
40. What are glands classified by?
41. Where do endocrine glands secrete hormones?
42. Where do exocrine glands secretions go?
43. What do goblet cells produce?
44. What is connective tissue? What is its function?
45. What are the four main types of connective tissue?
46. Where does connective tissue originate from?
47. Does CT have blood vessels?
48. What is the extracellular matrix?
49. What are 2 components of the extracellular matrix? What holds interstitial fluid?
50. What is areolar CT? What does it store?
51. What are the categories of loose and dense connective tissue?
52. What is the function and location of areolar CT?
53. What is adipose CT composed of? Where is it found in the body?
54. What is the function of adipose CT?
55. What are the fibers like in reticular CT?
56. Where is reticular CT found?
57. What are the fibers like in irregular CT?
58. What are the fibers like in regular CT?
59. Where in the body is dense regular CT found?
60. What one kind of cell makes up cartilage?
61. What is the function and location of hyaline cartilage?
62. What is the function and location of fibrocartilage?
63. What is the function and location of elastic cartilage?
64. What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteocytes?
65. What are the functions of bone?
66. Why is blood classified as a CT?
67. What is the function and location of blood?
68. What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
69. How does skeletal muscle appear? What is the function?
70. Where does cardiac muscle occur?
71. What is the appearance of cardiac muscle?
72. What allows cardiac cells to join?
73. What is the function of cardiac muscle?
74. Where is smooth muscle found?
75. How does smooth muscle function or act?
76. What 2 cells form nervous tissue?
77. What are neurons? What are supporting cells?