bio lab

🔑 Biology Midterm Study Guide (Flashcard Style)

Cell Theory

  1. All living things are made of cells.

  2. The cell is the basic unit of life.

  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

  • Prokaryotic: no nucleus, small, no membrane-bound organelles.

  • Eukaryotic: nucleus, large, has membrane-bound organelles.

  • Both: DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes.

Common Features of All Cells

  • Cell membrane: controls entry/exit.

  • Cytoplasm: fluid for reactions.

  • DNA: instructions.

  • Ribosomes: make proteins.

Microscope Lab

  • Learn microscope use.

  • Observe prokaryotic vs eukaryotic.

  • Identify bacteria, animal, plant cells.

Plant vs Animal Cells

  • Chloroplasts: oval, in plant cytoplasm.

  • Onion cells: no chloroplasts (grow underground).

  • Statement “plants only have chloroplasts” → False (they have mitochondria too).

Macromolecules

  • 4 types: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates: mono (glucose), di (sucrose), poly (starch).

Lipids: triglyceride = glycerol + 3 fatty acids (sat, unsat, trans).

Proteins: made of amino acids, 4 structures (primary → quaternary).

Phospholipids: make membranes.

Steroids: cholesterol, hormones.

Macromolecule Tests

  • Benedict’s Test → sugars (turns orange).

  • Biuret Test → proteins (peptide bonds, purple).

  • Sudan Test → lipids (oil separates, red layer).

  • Iodine Test → starch (blue-black).

Control (water) = negative result.

Cellular Respiration

  • Catabolic (breaks down glucose).

Glycolysis: glucose → pyruvate (2 ATP, NADH).

Pyruvate Oxidation: pyruvate → acetyl-CoA, CO₂, NADH.

Krebs Cycle: acetyl-CoA → CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, ATP.

ETC: uses NADH/FADH₂ → ATP & water.

Aerobic: lots of ATP, COâ‚‚, water.

Anaerobic/Fermentation: less ATP, lactic acid or ethanol + COâ‚‚.

Photosynthesis

  • Anabolic (builds glucose).

Fermentation

  • Lactic acid fermentation: pyruvate → lactic acid (muscles).

  • Alcohol fermentation: pyruvate → ethanol + COâ‚‚ (yeast).

Scientific Method

  1. Question

  2. Research

  3. Hypothesis

  4. Experiment

  5. Collect Data

  6. Conclusion

  7. Share Results

Control Group = shows if results are from the variable tested.

Lab Safety

  • Hazards:

    • Chemicals → goggles, clean up spills.

    • Sharp tools → handle carefully, dispose correctly.

    • Biological matter → gloves, proper disposal.

  • Equipment: fire extinguisher, eyewash, first aid.

  • Waste: never in trash; dispose in biohazard containers.