ap psychcology unit 1

empiricism - the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should therefore rely on observation and experimentation

structuralism - early school of thought pomoted by Wundt and titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

functionalism - thought - james- influenced by darwin - explored how mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, flourish

experienta psychology - the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

behaviorism - view that psyc is an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

humanistic - historically important perspective that emphasixed the growth [potential of healthy peaople

cognitive neuroscience - interdisciplinary study of the brain activity tlinked with cognition (perception, thinking, memory language)

Aristotle - student of Plato, believed knowledge is not pre-existing and is gained by observation and experience, allowed for a large branch to ppen up in psychology

Descartes - believed that the mind was separate from body, surmised that the brain allows animal spirits to flow through it and the muscles for movement (nerves)\

francis bacon - anticipated humans’ tendencies to form patterns as well as remembering events that support our believes

John Locke - (an essay concerning human understanding ) - mind is tabula rasa, aka blank state, and knowledge grows from experience

blank state - Aristotle, locke, nurutre

inborn - Socrates, Plato, nature

structuralism - Edward Bradford titchener, Wilhelm Wundt - used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind; question oneselfs veelings, desires, proud unreliable, wanted due to unreliability tho its still important in psychology

functionalism - William James (darwin) (first psychology textvook) - how mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable the organism to adapt, must be there for a reason, so what purpose do they fulfill, what do they do and why

behaviorism - John b Watson, bf skinner, rosalie Rayner - objective science, studies behavior no mental processes, behavior is influenced by learned associations, conditioning

humanism 0 Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, focused on how present environments enable or obstruct growth, as well as the importance of love and acceptance (think triangle of love or lneeds required to reach full self transendences)

natural selection - principle traits most contributing to reproduction and survival are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations

levels of analysis - different complimentary views, from biological to psychological to socioal-cultural for analyzing any given phenomenon

biopsychosocial approach - integrated approach that has bio, psych, and social cultural levels of analysis

biological - how brain and body enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences, how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences, study brain circuits that express anger related characeristics for example

behavioral - how we learn obserbanle responses, for example which stimuli trigger anger

cognitive psychology - how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information, knowing, thinking remembering, for example how our interpretation of a situation affcts our anger and how that affects our thinking

evolutionary - how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes, evolution of behavior and mind using natural selection, for example how anger faciltated the survival of ancestors genes

psychodynamic - how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts, unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, tret disorders, for example an outburst as an outlet for unconscious anger

social cultural - how behavior and thinkingg vary across situations and cultures, for example how expressions of anger differ across cultural contexts, how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

psychometrics - study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes and traits

basic research - research that builds psychs knowledge base, pre science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge basse

developmental psych - studies psychical, cognitive, and social change throughoutthe life span

educational psychologicy- study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

personality - study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

social - study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

applied research - scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

industrial organizational psych - application of psychological concepts / methods to optimizing human behavior in behavior

human factors - an I/o subfield that explores how people;e and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

counseling - assists people w problems in living (school work marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

clinical psychology - studies, assessed, and treats people with psychological disorders

psychiatry - branch branch of medicine which deals with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as therapy

positive - study of human functioning, goals of discovery and promoting strengths and virtues that promote individuals and communities to thrive

community psychological - studies how people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups; create physical and social environment that are ccomfortable

testing effect - repeated self-testing and rehearsal of previously studied material helps cement new learning

sqrc (survey, question, read, retrieve/recite, review)

biopsychosocial model

biological - natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions responding to environment, brain mechanisms, hormonal,

psychological - learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing and percepted interprtations

socio-cultural - presence of others, cultural, societal, and family expectations, peer and other group influences, compelling models (such as in the media)

hindsight bias - the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it all

critical thinking - thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; rather, it examines assumptions, assesses sources, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

theory - explanation using a set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors of events

hypothesis - testable prediction often implied by a theory

operational definition - carefully worded statement of the exact proccedures used ina study, describe concepts with precise procedures ir measures

replication - repeating the essence of a scientific study, usually with diff participants in different situations

case study - descriptive technique in which one dividual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

naturalistic observation - observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

survey - a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

sampling bias - a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

population - all those ina group being studied from which samples may be rawn

random sample - a sample that fairly represents a population bc each user has an equal chance of inclusion

correlation - a measure of thee extent to which 2 variables chage tg and thus of how well eahch variable can predict the oher

correlation coefficient - a statistical index of the relationship between 2 variables ( from -1 to 1: correlations on range from +1 (scores