Reading and Writing

  • Reading and Writing - Both are connected and goes hand in hand

  • Reading - Cognitive process, language skill which can be developed through constant practice.

    • You locate main ideas, summarize, paraphrase, note details, and get the meanings of words.

    • You apply different skills when reading a particular text.

  • Purpose of Text

    • To inform, entertain, persuade, actuate

    • Need to achieve COHERANCE

  • Coherence - A text must be composed of sentences which connected ideas presented in a logical arrangement.

    • Coherent Text 

      • Spoken/written

      • Connected Discource

  • Factors influencing reading and interpreting any discourse

    • Readers' experiences

    • Beliefs

    • Attitudes

    • Language and Culture

    • Physical and Social Environment

  • Genre 

    • Category of artistic composition

      • classifies texts based on external criteria such as activities which regularly occur in society.

      • can be found in various media, including literature, film, music, and visual arts.

      • include fiction, non-fiction, poetry, drama, and more.

  • Text type 

    • Categorized based on purpose

      • Classifies text based on similarities in linguistic forms and patterns

      • structure and function of a specific piece of writing or communication.

      • include narratives, expository texts, persuasive texts, descriptive texts, and instructional texts

      • serves a particular function, whether to inform, entertain, persuade, or instruct the audience.

  • Genre 

    • Science Fiction - Often explores futuristic concepts, advanced technology, and space exploration. 

      • Examples include novels like Dune by Frank Herbert and films  like Blade Runner

    • Biography - A narrative of a person s life, emphasizing significant experiences and accomplishments. 

      • Notable examples are The Diary of a Young Ginny by Anne Frank and Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson.

  • Text Types

    • Narrative - A text type that tells a story, focusing on characters, setting, conflict, and resolution. 

      • can appear in various genres, including novels, short stories, and plays.

    • Expository - A text type intended to explain or inform. 

      • Examples include articles, essays, and reports that present factual information or analysis.

  • Brainstorming 

    •  Process of writing down specific topics from different sources.

      • a method for generating ideas to solve a design problem. 

      • It usually involves a group, under the direction of a facilitator

      • Gathering a list of ideas spontaneously 

  • Idea Listing - Involves listing down ideas about a particular topic

  • Idea Mapping - Visual representation of ideas and their connection

    • Also called as web clustering

  • Cubing - An idea from 6 distinct viewpoints

    • Describe

    • Compare

    • Associate

    • Analyze

    • Apply

    • Argue

  • Free Writing - Writing what comes into your mind

    • Continuous writing without inhibations

    • Not minding spelling and grammar

  • Researching - Going to the library or checking out websites on the internet

    • Making a list of new ideas

  • Graphic Organizers - Present essential information and connect it into a coherent framework

    • Visual representation

    • Focus on relationship or connection

  • Venn Diagram  - To compare and contrast

    • Using two or more overlapping circles

  • Network Tree  - Represent hierarchy, classification and branching or showing relationships

  • Spider Map - Investigate and enumerate various aspects of a control idea

    • Also known as SEMANTIC MAP

  • Problem - Solution Map - Nature of the problem and how it can be solved

  • Chart - List of information

  • Diagram - Shows arrangement

  • Flowcharts - Series of boxes and arrows showing step by step

  • Graph - Shows relationship between number of things

  • Illustration  - Drawing of people, a place, an object, or an event

  • Map  - Drawing of part of Earth to show features like oceans, countries, mountains, or roads

  • Photo  - Printed image of people, a place, an object, or an event

  • Realia - Detailed photo of a real historical object, like a poster, map, or newspaper article

  • Table - Systematic arrangement of data

  • Timeline - List of facts along a line