Social 30-1 UNIT EXAM - AUTHORIANISM AND IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT

Ideological Conflict: Conflict between religious, political or intellectual ideologies may take the form of propaganda and other tensions or pressures, and may lead to civil war, international war or cold war

Rejections of Liberalism:

• Communism: An extreme left-wing political theory that advocates for a society where all property is publicly owned, aiming for a classless society with common ownership and control of resources.

• Fascism: A extreme right-wing authoritarian movement characterized by dictatorial power; political idea where the government controls everything.

Fascism in Nazi Germany

• Adolf Hitler hated the idea of liberalism, jews and communists. He wanted to rebuild Germany to restore power and influence.

Adolf Hitler, born in Austria, served as Nazi Germany's ruler from 1933 until his suicide in 1945, becoming the head of the Nazi Party.

Differences between Hitler and Roosevelt:

→Hitler battled for his position in society, hated democracy, and supported national aggrandizement; Roosevelt, on the other hand, was born into a wealthy family and believed in democracy and international cooperation.

→Roosevelt had never been in combat or the military. Hitler was a combat veteran who felt wronged by his country's failure to achieve victory in World War I, and he wanted to make amends for that failure.

→Hitler wanted to impose his will on the Russians. Roosevelt looked forward to Russia liberalizing itself. Hitler was for the glory of the state – the Fatherland. Roosevelt believed in politics for the sake of people. Roosevelt believed in a nation of laws. Hitler believed that he was the law.

Nazi Party, political organization of the National Socialism mass movement. The party was led by them to power in Germany in 1933, and they maintained dictatorial rule there until 1945. The party's doctrine was fundamentally anti-Semitic.

• Anti-Semitism: Hostility to or prejudice against Jewish people.

What is the difference between a fascist and communist?

The difference between a fascist and communist is communism is a system based around a theory of economic equality and advocates for a classless society, fascism is a nationalistic, top-down system with rigid class roles that is ruled by an all-powerful dictator.

Communism values: There is no government or private property or currency, and the wealth is divided among citizens equally or according to individual need.

Fascist values: extreme nationalism, the establishment of a dictatorship, and the use of military forces

How do communists stay in power?

• The communist regime is characterized by single-party rule, rejection of private property and capitalism, state control over economics and media, restrictions on religious freedom, and suppression of opposition.

How do fascists stay in power?

• Fascist politics historically targeted dominant cultural groups, aiming to make them feel like victims and a loss, often by a minority out-group or opposing nation.

• Totalitarianism: A governmental system that has complete control over the public and private lives of citizens.

• Authoritarian: A government of government with authority rested in a '“superior” that could or couldn’t rule in people’s interests.

• Radical: The extreme change of views, habits, conditions, or institutions; rejection of political traditions.

• Reactionary: The rejection of change, the acceptance of political inequality and political traditions.

The totalitarian of the USSR and Nazi Germany were attempts to reject the principles of liberalism. They do not accept the idea of the individual and the principle of limited government, since they wanted to be all powerful.

• Elitism: a person who is or regards himself or herself as a member of a socially elite group.

• Militarism: The belief of keeping a strong military presence to protect and carry the interests of a country.

→S.A: Nazi Party’s paramilitary organization

→S.S: Elite organization of the Nazis

• Propaganda: Misrepresentation of information to influence public opinion.

Joseph Stalin, former General Secretary and Chairman of the Soviet Union Council of Ministers, initially governed as a collective leadership before consolidating power into dictatorship by the 1930s.

• Collectivism: The thought that values the goals of a collective group over the goals of one individual.

• Eugenics: A system of ideas and methods intended to raise the genetic quality of the human race.

• Egalitarianism: the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

• Goals of state: security, stability, and prosperity

• Right of an individual: the freedom from slavery and torture, the right to life and liberty, the freedom of speech and thought, the right to employment and education,

Locke & Hobbes → Nature of two people (their opinion) who should rule?

Hobbes describes the state of nature as a violent competition with self-preservation principles, ending when individuals transfer self-sovereignty to a higher authority, granting absolute power.

Locke believed in a state of nature without government but with mutual obligations, promoting self-preservation and equal rights. He influenced the American Revolution and modern liberalism by recognizing natural rights.

• Moderate views: A moderate is an ideological category that rejects radical or extreme views, particularly in politics and religion, and is considered someone who maintains mainstream positions.

• Extreme views: Extremism refers to the extreme state or advocacy of extreme measures or views, often used in political or religious contexts, as they are considered outside mainstream societal attitudes.

• Freedom of press: The right of newspapers, magazines, etc., to report news without being controlled by the government.

• Freedom of speech: The legal right to express one's opinions freely.

• Censorship: The control or suppression of information, ideas, or artistic expression by authorities or institutions to regulate public perception, hearing, or reading.

• Control of participation: Managing individuals or groups in decision-making processes by setting guidelines and boundaries to influence engagement.

• Scapegoating: Blaming is the act of blaming someone or a group for something they are not responsible for, often to distract from the root causes of a problem.

• Use of force: Physical coercion or violence is often employed by authorities like police or military to maintain order or enforce laws.

• Indoctornation: Educating someone or a group to accept ideas, usually with the intention of changing their attitudes and actions.

Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day standoff that escalated to the verge of nuclear war in 1962 between the Soviet Union and the United States over Soviet ballistic missiles stationed in Cuba.

• Nuclear deterrence/MAD: The idea that a massive nuclear response would destroy both the attacker and the defense in the event of a nuclear assault by one superpower.

• Détente: A phase of better relations during the Cold War marked by more communication and less conflicts between the US and the USSR.

• Superpower: A highly influential and powerful state. Because of their large power and superiority in both the military and economy, the United States and the Soviet Union were referred to by this name.

What is the difference between Conventional and Nuclear weapons?

Conventional weapons do not use fissionable elements to fuel an explosion, but nuclear weapons do. The force of this explosion is far greater than that of traditional explosives (such as TNT). Four forms of energy are released when a nuclear weapon detonates: radiation, heat, bright light, and blast wave.

• Mccarthyism: Refers to the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence.

• Illiberalism: Opposes liberal ideas like as democracy, individual rights, and the rule of law; these ideas are frequently coupled with strong government control and limitations on civil liberties.

• Expansionism: The attempt to enlarge territorial snd ideological influence beyond a country’s borders and allies.

• Iron Curtain: Winston Churchill's 1947 phrase "Europe's barrier" refers to the divide between Western self-governing, pro-democratic, and capitalist countries and Eastern Europe's pro-Soviet, Soviet-controlled countries.

• Brinkmanship: The attempt to push a dangerous situation as far as possible without admitting anything to your opponent.

• Cold War: An ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II.

• Proxy Wars: Conflicts in which one superpower might fight in another country or provide support to a group which opposes the rival superpower.

• Espionage: The practice of spying or of using spies, especially to obtain secret information.

• Democracy: a way of governing which depends on the will of the people