Whap 6.1-6.3

• Europeans and Americans take over portions of the world and start monopolizing them (Africa, South Asia, China, and Australia)

Imperialism

• The policy of domination or strengthening by European powers over subject territories overseas

  • When a European nation conquers a state, steals their resources, and dominate them

  • Doesn’t really have anything to do with government

• 3 ways to conquer

  • Military force

  • Economic imperialism (vast majority)

• Age of Imperialism: 1850-1914

• Scramble for Africa

Colonialism

• When you take over an area and set up a government (purpose is taking over everything)

• The United States and Australia

  • Australia is a convict colony

  • Heat stroke, elephants, and snakes (Aus biggest killers)

Causes of Imperialism

1. Nationalism: have to hold territory to be the most powerful

2. Economic Competition: industrialization/competing to sell goods (need to get raw materials from other countries), similar to mercantilism but with Africa

3. Propaganda Campaign 

   • Social Darwinism: Europeans are superior to Africans

     • White man’s burden: their burden to do their civic duty to civilize the world

   • missionaries try to convert natives to christianity

Forms of Imperialism

• Establish a protectorate: local governments can stay the same, but everything that’s economic the Europeans deals with

• Sphere of influence: exclusive trading rights in the area

Imperial Expansion in Business

• United Fruit Corporation: Central and South America

• British East India Company and Dutch East India Company

• Cecil Rhodes: founder of the De Beers Mining Corporation (diamonds)

  • Kills more Africans that Hitler did Jews in WWII

  • Responsible for apartheid

  • First British governor in South Africa

Raw materials

• Congo has a lot of rubber trees

• Southeast Asia: Tin and rubber

• Central Africa: copper

• US and Russia: #1 supplier of petroleum products (until the Middle East)

Geopolitical moves

• Egypt 1882 - British take Egypt by force to control the Suez canal (political)

• France goes on African Campaign in 1880’s to prove that they have a strong military (militaristic imperialism)

• Capitalism has small rich class and large poor class, governments put propaganda to show that capitalism and imperialism are good

  • Human Zoos (1880-1930’s): Europe and US kidnap families from other parts of the world and put them in Zoo enclosures to show how imperialism is good

• Political ads to mislead the public about different cultures

• Rebellions, resistance movements

  • Leaders are somewhat educated in enlightenment philosophy and understand how to unify people (nationalize them)

  • Natural rights, representative government, etc.

Balkans

• Serbia (1815) and Greece (1832) gain independence from ottomans

• Other countries are rebelling to try and get their own independence

Americas

• Westward expansion takes territory from mexico, Spanish-American war start with battleship sinking off of Cuba

• Before revolution, British pass Proclamation of 1763 (give native americans land)

  • First time someone is recognized the territories of indigenous people

• America doesn’t recognize it since British signed it

• Cherokee start to assimilate into American culture

  • Adopt farming, architecture, government, policies, reading and writing

  • Hope that America doesn’t steal their land

• Gold discovered 1830’s in Ohio, forced onto reservations

  • Starts the Indian Removal Act

• Sioux Tribe - very spread out

  • Resist through the Ghost Dances

    • Come together in large groups in the hopes that they can rise their ancestors and push out Americans

    • Doesn’t work

• Indian Wars - US army vs. Native American tribes

  • Ends in the Wounded Knee

  • Us Army comes in and wipes out civilizations of indigenous people

Latin America

• Tupac Amaru II - Peru

  • Descendant of Incan Kings, Chief of southern Peruvian people (well liked)

  • Spanish brutality gets worse

    • Child accidentally makes governor fall off his horse, gets whipped

    • Tupac arrests and executes the governor

  • Try to push Spanish out of South America, army shows up

  • Find Amaru and his family, arrest them, make him watch his wife get her throat slit, children decapitated, drawn and quartered

France

• Make their presence known inside of Mexico

  • Overthrow the Mexican president Benito Juarez 

    • People don’t want them in power

• Archduke Maximilian becomes new emperor of Mexico

  • Executed 3 years later and Juarez comes back

Sepoy rebellion

• British and sepoys have tensions between them

• British use new animal fat grease for their cartridges (pig and cow fat)

  • Want to convert them into christianity

• Rebel against the british to try and kick them out

  • Mughal government allies with the sepoys

  • The British win, end of the Mughal empire

• Dismantle EIC and takes over

Philippines

• Under spanish rule, given to America after Spanish-American war

• Filipino-American war starts

  • Kills 5x as many civilians as army personnel

  • Americans make it known that they will destroy everything if you don’t submit

  • Americans use Napalm (very destructive)

Africa

• Europeans rebelling against Africans

• Sokoto Caliphate - come in after Housa kingdoms in Ghana

  • 1804-1903

  • Economy is based on slave trade system (#1 supplier before emancipation proclamation)

  • British intercept slave ships, free them into their colonial holdings for cheap labor

  • Integrated into Nigeria in 1903

• South Africa

  • Xhosa people stage revolt against british 

  • Cattle die because of disease, believe british spirits are infecting them

    • They should kill all of the cattle so the british have nothing to eat

    • All die of famine

    • Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement 

Yaa Asantewaa War

• War of the golden stool 

• 1823, British take over territories in NW Africa, imperialize the Asante People

  • Lose first 4 of 5 campaigns against british

  • Push british out 5th time, British come back

  • 5th war is the last african war lead by a woman

• British want the stool as a symbol of power

  • Yaa Asantewaa buries it in the forest (found 40 years later and given back)

Africa

• 1800’s - Europeans have already been in Africa (coastal areas/trading posts)

  • As industrialization grows, Europe needs more raw materials

  • Negotiate with African states for access to raw materials in central Africa

    • Build hospitals, schools, infrastructure

  • Start resorting to violence against African governments

• Suez Canal - British take control from French in 1882

  • Egypt controlled by Ottomans, lease to French for money, British take it

• Anti-imperialist views start to happen - Africans push back and Europe takes over states by force

  • Sierra Leone, Lagos, Gambia, Gold Coast

French

• Set up settler colony in Algeria/Northern Africa

  • Overcrowding in Europeans cities, send people to North Africa

    • Spanish and Italians as well

Scramble for Africa

• Everyone in Europe wants a part of Africa

• Berlin Conference (1884)

  • Otto Von Bismark leads a campaign to bring European ambassadors to draw a map of who gets what in Africa

  • What resources you need goes to what part you get

  • Nobody from Africa came to the conference

• Angers native people, clash together people that hate each other

  • Causes conflict for 100 years

Belgians

• King Leopold II colonizes the congo (not a good person)

  • Owned privately but used taxpayer money

  • Became super wealthy with the export of rubber and ivory

  • Brutalize the congolese people (kill millions in 30-40 years)

    • People don’t believe how bad it is

• Belgian government forces him to abdicate the throne

  • No prison, gets to keep wealth and move on

  • Belgium takes over the area

South Asia

• EIC takes over port cities in India

  • Weakening the Mughal empire

  • Use sepoys to do horrific things in south asia

• British get rid of the Mughal empire and dismantle EIC

China

• Economic imperialism and spheres of influence

Japan

• Modernized and industrialized, then become imperializers

  • Only state in East Asia that is colonizing others

• Meiji restorations to thank for this

• Conquer China and Korea for raw materials

Dutch

• VOC goes broke due to corruption

  • Lose all formidable forces

• Control small sections of southeast Asia

Australia and New Zealand

• Both colonized by the british

• Prisons become so overrun that navy has to make floating prisons

  • Don’t want them on the shore, send them to Australia (deserted)

  • 18th century to mid 19th

• Wool trade and copper make Australia profitable

• Maori people very formidable population in NZ

  • Very sophisticated pop

• British wants port cities, Maori say no, New Zealand Wars

  • Maoris get crushed and have to leave

United States

• After American Revolution, sign treaty that says Ohio River Valley to Mississippi river belong to native americans

  • Revoke this in 1830, pass Indian Removal Act

  • Put the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek on reservations in OK

• Trail of Tears: native americans escorted by army personal, very violent and deadly

• Manifest destiny: god's given right for the US to own from Atlantic to Pacific

• Mexican-American War 1890’s - America wants Mexico's land, win California to East Coast

  • Gets 4 Island nations: Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and Philippines

Russia

• Catherine the Great expands territory to Poland from Ottomans

• Alexander I annexes Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Finland, and parts of Armenia

  • Take a large chunk of manchuria from china

• Expansion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad