Untitled Flashcards Set

CHAPTER 9

Key terms:

Developmental psychology: the study of how and why human beings change over their life span

in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior

Zygote: (0-2 weeks) fertilized egg contains all genetic information for new individual, single cell

Embryo: (2 weeks - 2 months) early initial developmental stage

Fetus: (2 months - birth) all organs formed, heart begins to beat, growing human

Dynamic systems theory: development self-organizing process, in which new forms of behavior

emerge through consistent interactions between a person and cultural and environmental

context

Infantile amnesia: inability to remember events before the age of 3 or 4

Some psychologists believe, infantile amnesia disappears with development of language

Object permanence: understanding object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen (9

months)

Teratogens: things that harm the embryo or fetus, such as drugs, alcohol, bacteria, viruses, and

chemicals

Puberty: onset of sexual maturity that marks the beginning of adolescence

Hormone levels increase throughout the body

Empathy: understanding another's emotional state and share feelings of another person

Moral development

Preconventional: (earliest stage) self-interest and event outcomes determine what is

moral

Conventional: (middle stage) strict adherence to societal rules and approval of other

determine what is moral

Postconventional: (highest stage) decisions about morality depend on abstract principles

and value of all life

Gender identity: ones sense of being male, female, or nonbinary

Synaptic pruning: a process where the synaptic connection in the brain that are used are

preserved, and those that are not are lost

Attachment: strong emotional connection that can motivate care, protection, and social supportPiaget sensorimotor stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor

Age: birth - 2 years

Characteristics: infants acquire information about the world through their senses

and motor skills - reflective responses develop into more deliberate actions

through development and refinement of schemes

Preoperational

Age: 2 - 7 years

Characteristics: children think symbolically about object. Reason based on

intuition and superficial appearance of things rather than logic

Concrete operational

Age: 7 - 12 years

Characteristics: children begin to think about and understand logic operations.

No longer fooled by appearances. Reason only about concrete things.

Formal operational

Age: 12 years and up

Characteristics: people can think abstractly and formulate and test hypotheses

through deductive logic

While playing peek-a-boo, a child is no longer fascinated by the game and understands that his

mother continues to exist although he cannot see her face.

What cognitive concept has this child developed?: object permanence

According to paiget, what stage of development is this child in?: sensorimotor stage

Dr. cookiemoster is conducting an experiment. He presents a small child with two cookies, one

for the child one for himself. He breaks his cookie into two equal pieces, then asks teh child who

has more cookies. The child says that dr. cookiemonster does because he has two and the child

has one.

What cognitive concept is this child lacking?: conservation of quantity

At what age and developmental stage will this child develop the cognitive concept that he

had yet acquire?: preoperational stage

Compare and contrast “assimilation” and “accommodation”

Assimilation: the process by which we place new info into an existing schema

Accommodation: the process by which we create new schema or drastically alter an

existing schema to include new info that otherwise would not fit into the schema

What is the theory of mind?

behavior

differences

Ability to understand that other people have mental states that will influence their

Different people have both perspectives and knowledge based on their individualWhat is the lowest stage of moral development according to kohlberg? What is the highest?

Lowest: pre-conventional level

Highest: post-conventional level

What changes in the body influence pubertal development?

Hormonal changes

Growth hormone

Brain development

Physical changes: sexual maturation, growth spurt, body composition

True or false: pubertal development is only affected by biological factors?

Fase, puberty development is influenced by combination of biological, environmental,

and socio-cultural factors

(nutrition, stress, exposure to chemicals, lifestyle, family dynamics, societal

expectations)

What is the difference between secure attachment and insecure attachment styles?

Secure attachment: child feels safe and comfortable in their relationship with their

caregiver due to the result of consistent and responsive caregiving. Caregiver will provide

emotional support, care, and protection.

Insecure attachment: child has confusion, anxiety, and difficulty trusting others due to

caregiver being inconsistent, unavailable, or unresponsive to their needs.

Overly dependent on caregiver, frequently seeking reassurance or attention

Get a general idea of eriksons eight stages of psychosocial development. Look at the stages

below, describe the relevant crisis for each stage, and understand conceptually what someone

who has successfully resolved each crisis would look like.

Early childhood (2-3 years): autonomy vs shame and doubt

Children developing sense of personal control over physical skill and sense of

independence

If children are encouraged/supported in their independence, develop autonomy.

If overly controlled or discouraged, experience shame and doubt about their

abilities

Adolescence (12-18): identity vs role confusion

Individuals face the challenge of developing a sense of personal identity. Explore

different roles, values, beliefs, and careers to form stable self concept

If adolescents are able to explore different identities and find a sense of direction

and purpose develop strong coherent identity. If struggle, experience confusion

about who they are and what they stand for

Middle adulthood (40-65): generativity vs stagnation

Focus on contributing to society and guiding future generations

Generativity involves a sense of purpose and productivity (raising children,

mentoring younger people, contributing to society), unable to and becoming self

absorbed experience stagnation.CHAPTER 14

Key terms

Psychopathology: sickness or disorder of the mind

Maladaptive: interfering with person's ability to function appropriately in key life domains

DSM-5: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, classification system for

diagnosing psychological disorders in terms of measurable symptoms (signs)

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): new approach proposed by National Institute of Mental

Health, defines basic domains of functioning and considers them across multiple units/levels of

analysis, from genes to brain systems to behavior

Comorbidity: presence of two or more disorder or illnesses occurring in the same person

Dimensional approach: psychopathology exists in continuum ranging from thoughts, feelings,

and behaviors that are “normal” to symptoms that cause mild impairment to severe disturbance

Categorical approach: classifying individuals into distinct diagnostic categories based on

presence or absence of specific symptoms or criteria

Cognitive-behavioral approach: a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of

learned maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors

Specific phobia: fear of a specific object or situation

Agoraphobia: anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations in which escape may be

difficult or impossible.

Schizophrenia: psychological disorder characterized by alterations in thoughts, perceptions,

consciousness, resulting in psychosis

Obsessive-compulsive disorder: characterised by frequent thoughts (obsession) and compulsive

action

Borderline personality: involves instability in identity, emotion/mood, and relationships

Antisocial personality: people diagnosed engage in socially undesirable behavior, are hedonistic

and impulsive, and lack empathy

Autism spectrum: characterized by by repetitive, respecced, inflexible patterns of behavior

interests, and activities + difficulties in social interaction and social communication

Addiction: persistent used of a substance despite negative consequences and attempts to quitDiathesis-stress model: diagnostic model that proposed that a disorder may develop when an

underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Family systems model: psychological and therapeutic approach that views the family as an

interconnected emotional unit

Sociocultural model: a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the

interaction between individuals and their cultures

What is necessary for a behavior to be considered psychopathology?

Deviance (atypicality)

Distress (significant emotional pain or suffering)

Dysfunction (interferes with daily functioning)

Danger (risk to individual or others)

Wallace enjoys going to the bus stop during his free time and watching the buses go by. On days

that hes off from work, he sits at bus stop from sunrise till sunset and smiles at everyone passing

by. Does wallaces behavior represent psychopathology? What questions about this behavior

need to be addressed in order to decide?

Is walance in distress?

Does behavior cause dysfunction?

Is he a danger to himself or others?

Is behavior deviant by cultural or social standards?

Is there an underlying mental or cognitive condition?

Get a general idea of how the DSM-5 describes/classifies/groups psychological disorders.

Symptom based diagnosis

Categorical

Dimensional (overlapping symptoms)

Cultural and contextual considerations

Compare and contrast internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Internalizing: distress directed inward (towards self)

Externalizing: distress directed outward (toward environment)

Are disorders affected by culture? Why or why not

Yes, how they develop, how expressed, understood, and how treated

Tåsi’s father was diagnosed with depression when he was younger (and genetics account for

40-50% of variation in depression diagnoses). Tåsi was always a happy child, but life stressors

began to arise when she started getting bullied in high school, and not long after she was also

diagnosed with depression. What model or phenomenon does this situation represent?

Diathesis-stress modelVernon believes that the FBI is constantly watching him because he is a secret agent sent from

Mars to scope out Earth and learn human behaviors. He also believes that one day, he will be

called back to Mars because there is a Martian King who constantly tells him orders through a

device implanted in his ear.

What disorder might vernon be diagnosed with?: schizophrenia

What symptoms of the disorder are exemplified by vernon?: delusions, auditory

hallucinations

What are the other symptoms that are associated with the disorder?: delusions,

hallucinations, disorganized thinking, grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior, reduction

or absence of normal behaviors

Compare and contrast bipolar I and bipolar II disorder.

Bipolar 1: severe manic episodes

Bipolar 2: less severe hypomanic episodes, depressive episodes

Compare and contrast the different approaches to psychological disorders.

Psychodynamic: unconscious conflicts influence behavior and mental health

Cognitive behavioral (cbt): negative thought patterns and behaviors contribute to

psychological disorders and aims to change them

Sociocultural: social, cultural, and environmental factors shape mental health and

influence behavior

Behavioral: learned behaviors that can be unlearned through conditioning and

reinforcement techniques

Identify the different diagnoses, possible symptoms, and treatments of anxiety and depressive

disorders.

What are personality disorders? What do psychologists know about them? Understand and

distinguish what the different personality disorders may look like.

Enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and emotion differ significantly from societal

expectations

Odd or eccentric disorders: schizophrenia

Dramatic, emotions, erratic disorders: antisocial, borderline, narcissistic

Anxious or fearful disorders: OCD

In severe cases, after experiencing or witnessing severe stress or emotional trauma, what

disorder might a person develop?: PTSD

what are symptoms associated with this disorder?: intrusive memories, avoidance,

negative feelings, avoiding emotions, irritability or anger, detachment

If someone is having a panic attack, what symptoms might they experience?

Rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness,

fear, sense of dread, detachment from realityCHAPTER 15

Key terms

Psychotherapy: generic name given to formal psychological treatment

Biological therapies: reflect medical approaches to diseases (what is wrong with body) and to

illness (what person feels as a result)

Behavior therapy: modifying maladaptive behaviors and activating adaptive behaviors directly

Exposure therapy: repeated exposure to anxiety-producing stimulus or situation

Systematic desensitization: behavioral therapy technique reduces anxiety and fear responses by

gradually exposing individual to stimuli simultaneously practicing relaxation techniques

Psychotropic medications: drugs that affect mental processes

Antipsychotic medications: class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of

schizophrenia and other disorder that involve psychosis, also known as neuroleptics

Lithium: most effective in stabilizing mood among patients with bipolar disorder

Considerable side effects (thirst, hand tremors, excessive urination, memory problems)

Placebo effect: persons health improves after taking treatment with no active ingredients

What are the differences between antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs?

Antidepressants: used to treat depression as well as anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD,

chronic pain

Modulating neurotransmitters in brain (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

(SSRIs)) increase serotonin level by preventing reabsorption

Anti-anxiety drugs: used to treat anxiety disorders for short term relief

Benzodiazepines (enhancing effects of neurotransmitter GABA)

What are the advantages and risks associated with the usage of psychotropic drugs?

Highly effective in reducing symptoms of mental health disorders, such as depression,

anxiety, and psychosis, improving persons overall quality of life

Side effects: memory, attention, concentration, drowsiness, weight gain, fatigue, nausea

Dependence and tolerance

Long term health risks

Inconsistent responses

True or false: the treatment most effective for both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are

psychotropic medications.

True, psychotropic medicationsWhat is the main result from barlows study on the treatment of panic disorder?

Development and validation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

How does treatment for ADHD vary in the short vs long term?

Short term: medication (methylphenidate and amphetamines)

Long term: behavioral therapy, psychotherapy

What a) drug (if applicable) and b) therapy treatments are best for

obsessive-compulsive disorder: (SSRIs) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors +

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Schizophrenia: antipsychotics + cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy,

social skills training

Bipolar disorder: mood stabilizers (lithium), antipsychotics (mania), antidepressants

(depression), anticonvulsants (mood stabilizers) + cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Autism spectrum disorder: antipsychotics (irritability/aggression), stimulants (attention

problems, hyperactivity) + applied behavior analysis, speech therapy, occupational

therapy, social skills training

Borderline personality: antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers + dialectical

behavior therapy, schema focused therapy

ADHD: stimulants + cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), behavioral therapy, social skills

training

What are the different degrees and training for providers of psychological treatment? What can

different careers do differently? Who can prescribe medicine? diagnose?

Clinical psychologists: diagnose, provide therapy, testing/assessment, cannot prescribe

medication

Psychiatrists: diagnose, therapy, prescribe medication

Counseling psychologists: diagnose, therapy, cannot prescribe medication