9.2 Terms and Questions ( 19 points)

The Reformation Continues

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1. Huldrych Zwingli - A Swiss priest and Christian reformer during the early 1520s and 1530s. He also confronted the Church over its abuses of power and corruption.
2. John Calvin - Another prominent reformer during the reformation. Before he was a theologian, he was a law student in Paris. He is well known for his ideas on predestination.
3. Predestination - This is the belief that salvation cannot be earned, and God chose who would be saved before they were born.
4. Calvinism - This is the specific school of thought that is based on John Calvin’s teaching. Their core tenants included but are not limited to Predestination and the ideal government of theology.
5. Theocracy - A government that is both church and state, being led by those also in positions of religious authority.
6. John Knox - A preacher of Scotland that was a prominent advocate of Calvin's ideas. He and his works eventually led to the creation of the Presbyterian Church.
7. Presbyterian - A faction of Scottish Protestants that overthrew the Catholic monarchy. They were followers of Calvin’s teachings, and were led by the reformer John Knox
8. Anabaptist - A group of Christians that believe that you had to be an adult with free will in order to be baptised and accept Christ. They were prominent during the 1530s.

Questions on Page 2

1. Explain how Calvin’s ideas about salvation differ from those of Luther?

Luther and Calvin disagreed on if salvation could even be attained by people, with Luther believing faith alone would bring salvation, while Calvin believed that salvation was determined by God, and not influenced by actions of those on Earth.

1. Why was it easier for women to take part in the earlier stages of the Reformation than in the later stages? Because the Reformation was so chaotic and beliefs were still being figured out, and Catholic tradition was being challenged, women could use this to their advantage, and used their influence to change the Reformation. A prominent woman named Marguerite of Navarre, who was related to the King of France, Francis I. She influenced the Reformation in a more direct way, hiding John Clavin from persecution. Other women, such as Katherina Zell, who wrote against a belligerent minister, and Katherina von Bora, had a less direct role in Martin Luther’s life. By being married to theologian and reformers, these women could influence the Reformations, using their husbands as a front or medium.
2. How did ideas of reformers who came after Luther help shape beliefs during the Protestant Reformation?
   1. Zwingli - He helped foster the idea of individual spirituality and a more decentralized church structure.
   2. Calvin - He birthed and fostered the idea of predestination, which held influence over Protestants especially in Switzerland.
   3. Knox - This theologian was responsible for the creation of the Presbyterian Church, which emphasized Calvinist ideas, along with being a driving force for the deposition of Mary, Queen of Scots.
   4. Anabaptists - They pushed the idea of free will in accepting Christ, and the idea of children not being able to properly recognize right from wrong.
3. How did the Reformation set the stage for the modern world? Give examples. The Reformation spread the idea of interpreting the Bible for yourself, and disagreeing interpretations led to conflicts, such as those in between the Anglicans, Puritans, and other groups, while remaining civil. These disagreements led to some of the more minor groups going to the New World, seeking religious freedom. This set off a chain of events that would eventually culminate in the creation of the United States of America.

Another example of the Reformation influencing the modern world is the split from the Catholic Church in England, forever changing the fate of England, leading to regime changes, one of which allowed for the formation of a legitimate constitutional monarchy.

1. Describe Calvin’s idea of the “elect” and their place in society? The “elect” were a group of very few people that were known by God to be saved and go into heaven. All those who were not “elect” could not earn their way into heaven, and their fate was sealed. Calvin and his leaders led strict lives, but still enjoyed a few worldly pleasures.
2. How were the Anabaptists different from other Protestant groups in their political views? Anabaptist not only viewed baptism differently than a lot of other Protestants, they believed in the separation of church and state and no military service. For these beliefs, they were persecuted.
3. What role did noblewomen play in the Reformation? Unfortunately, women were not allowed to play a significant role in the society at the time, with both Protestants and Catholics limiting the role of women. A notable exception to this was the above-mentioned Marguerite of Navarre. She played a direct role in the Reformation by hiding John Calvin, allowing him and his ideas to survive.