ansc nutrition
Why do we study nutrition?
- Animals have different digestive tracts and the ability to digest carbohydrates
- Roughage-sheep cattle goat
- Concentrate-horse chicken swine
- Cost, delivery, handling, palatability
Classification of animal feeds
- Concentrates-high in energy, low in fiber, highly digestible
o High and readily available energy
o Low in fiber low cellulose
o Highly digestible
A. Carbonaceous- low in protein; cereal grains, molasses
B. Nitrogenous- high in protein; oil meal, fish meal, packing house by-products such as tankage, dairy products
- Carbonaceous(energy)-Low in protein cereal grains such as corn, wheat, oats, and sorghum
v Corn is used to get energy (10%)
Nitrogenous(protein)- high in protein such as soybean meal, cottonseed, tankage, dairy products (40-45%)
v Byproducts are important because they are cheaper
v Gossypol can be detrimental to ruminant animals, so we have to be careful how much cottonseed we feed
- Roughages- low in protein; mature grassy hay, stover, mature cereal grain silage Plants
o Low in readily available energy
o High in fiber
o Less digestible
A. Carbonaceous- low in protein; mature grass hay stover, mature cereal grain silage
v hay
B. Nitrogenous- high in protein; legume hay silage, immature grass hay and silage, growing pasture and silage
v Legume-Alfalfa – a horse can live on just alfalfa hay from its high protein but a cow wouldn’t need it because it became too expensive à there’s a time and a place.
Cross section of a grain kernel-
- -Break hard exterior to utilize breakdown
- -When feeding cattle almost all grain must be steam flaked
- Grinding food is cheaper than steam flaking
- Starch is a carbohydrate
- Germ is protein
- Pericarp needs to be cracked to allow digestion
Why is more silage not fed here?
- Gen trash is a byproduct we use because its local to what we grow a state like Minnesota doesn’t use any gen trash
Why are some rations pelleted?
- Stiller grain is fiber and protein
- Its really wet to get the carbohydrate out and its going to mold if you don’t feed it quickly
- You have the option to dry it down and make pellets to store it
Nutrients in feedstuffs
Nutrients- are chemical substances in either mineral or compound form that are absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood and that function in metabolism of the body
- Water- die most quickly without it
- Protein-supplements are expensive
- Carbohydrate-main energy source
- Lipids (fats and oils)-2.5x energy
- Vitamins- organic catalyst
- Minerals(ash)- will not burn
- Feed additives- growth stimulators
Relative amount of nutrients in Feed
Moisture (12%) dry matter (88%)
Ash (5%) organic matter (83%)
Protein (13%) non-protein matter (70%)
Fat (4%) carbohydrate (66%)
Crude fiber (10%) NFE (56%)
Water or moisture
-most essential
- Cheapest and the most abundant nutrient. Death occurs after we lose from 10-14% of our body water.
-body temperature fluctuates without causing distress; may fall to 93*F at night and rise to 103*F
-get scarcer as time moves on
A. sources
1. ingested-contained or in feed
2. metabolic (within the body)- derived from break down of nutrients
3. drinking
B. function
1. transport of nutrients and excretions
2. chemical reactions and solvent properties
3. body temperature regulations\
4. maintenance of shape of body cells
5. lubrication and cushioning of joints and organs
proteins composed of amino acids-22 amino acids
A. structure: amino acids à peptide àpolypeptide à protein
B. classification of amino acids
a. essential-essential to animal; must be supplied in diet because body cannot synthesize them fast enough to meet requirements. Memory code: MATT HILL VP for methione, arginine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, phenylalanine.
b. Nonessential- still are essential for the animal, but can be synthesized or in the diet in sufficient amounts not necessary to feed these.
How to determine protein content
Determine the nitrogen (N) content and multiply by 6.25. the average nitrogen content of protein is 16% (100/16=6.25)
Example if feed stuff analyzed 1.92 percent in n, 1.92*6.25=12.0% crude protein
The portion of crude protein that is actually analyzed that is actually digestible is digestible protein.
NPN
If a substance contains nitrogen that is not a part of amino acids, it is called nonprotein nitrogen (NPN)
UREA is an example of NPN H_2N-C-NH_2
- Only feed if cheaper
- Only fed to ruminant animals
- Can only use a third of your protein
- Must have enough carbohydrates in the product
Functions of proteins
- Basic structure of animals body
- In body metabolism:
Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and heredity transmission structures all contain proteins
Energy source- if we consume more protein than needed, it will either be stored as fat or excreted.
We test to overfeed protein not every animal needs the same amount
As they age diet needs to be changed
How do plants make carbohydrates?
-photosynthesis
Requires chlorophyll and 673 calories of radiant energy
Monosaccharide (simple sugars)-/ one sugar unit- glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide (two simple sugars)-
v Sucrose- glucose and fructose
v Maltose- Glucose and glucose
v Lactose- Glucose and galactose
Trisaccharide-raffinose (glucose fructose galactose)
Polysaccharides- long chain or branched molecules of several disaccharide subunits
- Cellulose, lignin
- Starch
- amylopectin
Carbohydrates
§ Starch-easily digested by all types
§ Amylopectin- easily digested by all types
§ Cellulose- only digested by rumen microbes found in rumen or cecum of hind gut fermenters (horses elephants)
§ Lignin(wood)- only digested by termites no animal can digest
Carbohydrate’s function and analysis
Functions:
· Most of our energy comes from carbohydrates
· Provides energy to the body to heat itself
· If we eat more than the body needs it will be stored as fat!
· Starch produces less heat------Cellulose produces more heat
Lipids-fats and oils
· Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
· Fats are solid at room temperature, lard and beef tallow
· Oils are liquid at room temperature, cottonseed and corn oils
· Lipids provide 9 calories of energy while proteins and carbohydrates provide 4
v 2.25 less percent of fat compared to a carbohydrate
· Typical lipid diet is 2.5/4 percent fat
· High energy diet- more fat in diet
· Grain causes digestive issues in a horse it not meant to digest starch
soybean for rabbits
feed whole soybean- fatter more healthy
feed solvent extracted soybeans-skinny, thin hair
functions of lipids
· best energy per gram if we eat too much, it will be stored as fat
· helps insulate the body
· protect internal organs
· insulation- fiber they grow, subcutaneous hogs
· more fat = less hair
digestibility of feedstuff
digestion coefficient IN-OUT/IN X100
ex:
animal ate 20 lbs. of feed and excreted 5 lbs.; thus 15 lbs. were digested
15/20 x 100= 75%
TDN= total digestible nutrients
TDN= digestible protein + digestible crude fiber + (digestible fat x 2.5) + digestible nitrogen free extract
Components of energy
Feed eaten energy loss
Gros energy à fecal energy
/
Digestible energy à gasses & urine
/
Metabolizable energy à heat
/
Net energy
/ \
Maintenance PRODUCTION
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic catalyst that function in biochemical reactions
Fat soluble vitamins D, E, A, K- are carried in fat
· vitamin D- aids calcium absorption from the gut; we manufacture VIT. D if exposed to sunlight
· vitamin E- has antioxidant properties; can help reduce free radicals
· vitamin A- helps eyesight; deficiency shortage can cause blindness by construction of the optic nerve as it passes through the bones of the skull( nerve grows but bone doesn’t)-makes the fat yellow
· vitamin K- necessary for blood clotting. If a pet eats rat poison, the vet will probably give a large vitamin k injection
water soluble vitamins
· vitamin C- citrus fruit; functions in collagen (connective tissue) formation
- sailors in the old days took citrus fruit on voyages to prevent scurvy
B-complex vitamins
Biotin deficiency- unclean, hair loss. Bad feet, (biotin is expensive)
Folic acid- anemia
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 – helps prevent anemia-only food source is mean
Minerals don’t act alone
The balance among minerals sometimes is as critical the amount in the diet
Minerals- inorganic
- Some minerals are components of hormones and enzymes. For example, zinc is needed for mfg. of sex hormones
- Help maintain cells osmotic pressure
- Help maintain correct acid/base balance
o What pH must our tissues maintain?
Classification of minerals
- How do we supply minerals to animals we are feeding
o On pasture? On feedlot?
- Function-component of hormones, and enzymes produced by the body and help maintain osmotic pressure of the cell and acid-base balance, the skeleton, teeth
- Macro-needed in larger amounts
o Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, k, & S
A. Calcium- Ca: P ratio is important, in bones; rickets
B. Phosphorus- in bones, phosphorylation of energy compounds; rickets depraved appetite
C. Sodium- Na (Salt); pH control, osmotic pressure regulation; lowered digestion, cannibalism, gets them to eat other minerals
D. Chlorine- osmotic pressure regulation; used to make HCl, slow growth, low feed efficiency
E. Magnesium- energy metabolism, in skeleton; anorexia, tetany
F. Potassium-pH control, osmotic regulation; heart lesions
G. Sulfur- in amino acid; reduced microbial growth in rumen
- Micro- needed in smaller amounts
o Fe, Cu, I, Co, Zn, Mn, Se, Mo, & F
A. iron- component of hemoglobin and myoglobin; anemia, thumps in pigs
B. copper-hair pigmentation, reproduction; stunted growth, bleached hair
C. iodine- in thyroxine; goiter-thyroid gland has enlarged to try and produce more thyroxin, hairless pig
D. vitamin B12, red blood cell formation, anemia, emaciation
E. zinc-enzymic activator, parakeratosis
F. selenium-antioxidant; white muscle disease, both too much and too little can be harmful
G. molybdenum-purine metabolism; teart, emaciation
H. manganese- enzyme activator; perosis (slipped tendons)
I. fluorine-bone formation; deficiency causes brittle bones; excess causes chalky and molted teeth
animal classification
- classified according to the kind of feed eaten
o carnivore- consume animal tissue; monogastric; dogs cats
o omnivore- consume plant and animal tissue, monogastric, humans, pigs
o herbivores- consume plant tissue, both monogastric (horses rabbits guinea pigs) and ruminant (cattle sheep goats)
DIGESTION-
- preparing food for absorption of the gut
- mechanical/ physical forces
o chewing(mastication
o muscular action of the digestive tract (peristalsis)
- chemical action
o hydrochloric acid (HCL) in the stomach denatures proteins
o bile in small intestine aids in fat digestion
- enzymic action
o enzymes are produced by various parts of the digestive tract
o microorganisms produce enzymes in ruminants
§ enzyme: proteins capable of increasing a reactions speed when associated with a specific substrate(all ends in “ase”)
Digestive tract and digestion in monogastrics(SWINE)
- mouth-
o salivary amylase is produced by saliva, aiding ibn chewing and swallowing
- esophagus-
o moves ingested material to the stomach through muscular contractions
- stomach
o stores food in lower gut is capable of digesting it
o strong muscle contractions cause physical breakdown through churning
o gastric juices (HCl) denture proteins allowing enzymes to hydrolyze them
- small intestine (three sections)
o duodenum-bile and pancreatic secretions enter, main site of food breakdown
o jejunum- digestion continues but primary function is absorption of nutrients
o ileum- absorption continues and connects to large intestine
- large intestine- (three sections)
o cecum, colon, rumen
o cecum and colon absorb H2O and store waste
Digestive tract in specialized monogastrics(HORSE)
- mouth
o mouth secretes large amounts of saliva aiding in lubrication
o saliva contains NO enzymes
- esophagus
o peristaltic waves of ingested material to the stomach (only move one direction)
- stomach
o smaller than other species; only 8% of the capacity of the digestive tract
o less muscular movement allows feed to layer within the stomach (most prone to colic)
o gastric juices like swine breakdown protein; also have rennin
- small intestine
o like other monogastric, except that horses do not have a gall bladder to store bile
- large intestine (four sections
o consist of cecum, large colon, small colon and rectum (60% of GI tract capacity)
o cecum and large colon contain bacteria that produce VFAs through fermentation
o small cecum responsible for H2O absorption
Digestive tract of ruminant animals
The four compartments-
· Ruminant animals chew a little swallow then form a bolus
· Reticulum- aids in regurgitation of boluses
· Rumination is the actions of digesting regurgitated grass
· Rumen- fermentation vat that contains bacteria which utilize the cellulose in the diet
o Extremely adaptable
o The healthier the rumen the more fiber it getting
o The rumen has papillae-finger like projections that protrude from the interior to increase the surface area of the rumen for greater nutrient
o Fun fact: very young ruminants don’t use the rumen
· Stomach(abomasum)- -primarily acids and enzymes break down chemical bonds and reduce particle size
o Where you want protein absorption to take place
· Reticulum- aids in regurgitation of boluses
· Omasum- aids in water absorption
· Propionate- is the short chain fatty acid that can be produced in the gut key role in metabolism of cattle (is considered a feed additive)
Why do cattle bloat most on the left side?
The rumen is located on the left side
Bloat-when and animal can’t avoid the gasses in the digestive system
o The rumen fills with gas, if it gets enough pressure it will push against the diaphragm
o When an animal dies from bloat it suffocates
· Digestive system of a horse
· Eat cellulose mainly
· Hindgut fermenters
· Cecum- fiber in a horse has to pass all through basically the same function as the rumen
· Colic-caused by large particles built up in the digestive tract (horses don’t chew properly)
Digestion is typically affected by
- Temperature-cooler is better
- Rate of passage- slower is better
- Level of feeding-are you trying to efficiently gain or maintain (lower level more digestion)
- Physical form-grain has more pericarps broken
- Heating- increases digestion
- Antibiotics-reduce undesirable bugs
Feed additives
- Promote growth, reduce stress, increase palatability, add bulk, and or preserve other feeds in diet
- Can only be used for a certain amount because the body will become adapted
- Growth stimulants-increase growth, feed efficiency, and lean yield
Overtime more restrictions will be drawn on feed additives