AP Human Geo Unit 5 FRQ Review

Commercial Agriculture

• Farming aimed at selling crops and livestock for profit. 

• Ex: wheat, soybeans, cattle

• WHERE: United States, Canada, Brazil, China

Luxury Crops

• A crop that is grown primarily for its high market value and is not considered essential for basic human survival is often associated with wealth and status

  • a crop that is grown to serve some purpose other than sustaining human life. 

• Examples: coffee, tea, cocoa, and certain exotic fruits.

Plantation Agriculture

• a type of large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation

  • Large-scale farms growing single crops, often in tropical regions

• Ex: coffee, sugarcane, rubber, cocoa

• WHERE: Colombia, Malaysia, Philippines, Ghana

Columbian Exchange

• The global exchange of crops, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia (between the Americas, Europe, and Africa) began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492.

• WHERE: Eastern & western Hemispheres

• Europe -> America: Wheat, cattle, horses, pigs, smallpox

• America->Europe: potatoes, corn, tomatoes, beans, turkey, etc.

Hearths of Corn, Cacao, & Coffee

Southwest Asia (Fertile Crescent)

• Crops: Barley, wheat, lentils, olives

• Animals: Sheep, goats, cattle, pigs

• Region: Modern-day Iraq, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey

East Asia

• Crops: Rice, soybeans, millet, walnuts

• Animals: Pigs, chickens

• Region: China, Korea, Japan

South Asia (Indus River Valley)

• Crops: Barley, wheat, peas, cotton

• Animals: Cattle, elephants

• Region: Pakistan, northwest India

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Crops: Yams, sorghum, cowpeas, coffee, African rice

• Animals: Guinea fowl

• Region: West Africa (Niger River basin), Ethiopia

Mesoamerica

• Crops: Maize (corn), squash, beans, potatoes, peppers, cassava

• Animals: Turkey, llama, alpaca

• Region: Mexico, Central America, and the Andean region of South America

Fairtrade

a movement that tries to provide farmers and workers in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries with a fair price for their products by providing more equitable trading conditions

• A system ensuring farmers receive fair prices for their products.

WHERE: United States, China, India

Environmental Impacts

• Pollution

  • air and water pollution

  • soil depletion, soil degradation, soil erosion

  • greenhouse gas emissions

• Deforestation

• Animals, natural habitats

• Desertification

Global Supply Chains

• a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute goods around the world

• WHERE: Global

•  This interconnected system allows for the distribution of agricultural goods from farms to markets worldwide, ensuring that food is available where it's needed most

• Led to a lot of mixing in cultures