post-cold war world: collective security, intervention, self-determination 

why did the cold war end? (on test)

• Poland and East Germany hold elections in which there is more than one party
• happens quickly
• ==Did containment work?==
  • Change in leadership with USSR
  • Mikhail Gorbachev is known as new thinking: head of government
  • lived in the soviet union
  • world peace might be achievable and people should have civil liberties and a freer regime
  • free opinion, opening up government
  • lets some Western institutions in such as McDonalds, pop culture such as mickey mouse
  • US starts to reach out to USSR to reduce the conflict while USSR is having own war in Afghanistan
  • if capitalism could get a hold in USSR they thought that the people would want capitalism and that the government would not be able to provide and the people would then want government for capitalism
• ==Imperial overstretch==
  • The arms race with the US and its effect on the USSR economy
  • soviets spending more and more to keep up with US but USSR cannot keep up with them economically
  • spent too much money trying to keep up with US and people began to get upset
  • cannot feed the people, provide basic services
• ==US starts to engage in soft power==
  • music, mickey mouse, coke
• ==Communism’s loss of legitimacy==
  • de-Stalinization after 1956
  • communist state-directed economy fell behind the west
  • pretty skeptical that communism would create anything but a corrupt system
  • Crusteph apologized for Stalin and after he apologized some people believe this started a crack in communism
  • USSR people started to realize that Americans had fancier cars, faster airplanes

post cold war world (not on mid-term)

• sudden shift from a bipolar world to the US as the superpower. only superpower
• Russia is a mess. break off republics such as Ukraine
  • whole bunch of little countries that embrace capitalism but still have a hold on them
• responsibility of a superpower: unclear how it is supposed to operate as the only superpower.
• formation of the EU, WTO, NAFTA
• Germany and France no longer fighting, dependent on each other
• triumph of liberalism, democracy, and capitalism
• rise of neoliberalism: (value of the individual, each individual has a stay, capitalism is regular liberalism) neoliberalism is a free market is the most effective way to distribute goods and services. The world’s problems can be solved by free trade because everyone is self-interested and everyone can work together to trade with each other like France and Germany now no longer fighting.
• Is this the world that Wilson wanted? No conflicts

globalization and interdependence

• what is globalization?
  • business connecting and trading with each other globally. market in other places. differences in environmental standards, wages to make products cheaper to import
  • beef: lawsuits on how places can get their meat
  • McDonalds
• interdependence: provide some goods from other states that states do not have. cheaper to get something else
  • Russia and oil and dependent on oil and then it is hard to want to fight Russia
• pathway dependency: hard to change course after getting something cheaper
• when did globalization begin? trade has been occurring for thousands of years. ancient Greece. Columbus.
  • Columbus changes globalization by Columbian exchange ( new crops that change the economy and make Europe more dependent on America and America now more dependent on Europe. driving economic change)
  • slavery: chattel slavery. kidnapping and you are property. tribes might kidnap women and children and force them to work and have children. that makes children a part of that tribe now. huge number of displacement
• benefits of globalization: shared technology to bigger and cooler things for everyone. things evolve faster. lots of money. economic benefits. consumer goods.
• costs of globalization: too much reliance on others. labor: difference in labor standard when work can be done somewhere else for cheaper where people are treated poorly in sweatshops. human rights.
• not universal or equitable
  • not universal - not everywhere in the world can experience globalization of economic benefits.
  • not equitable- not everyone benefits equally. some people experience costs worse
• globalization does not inherently lead to peace
  • people thought everyone would get along after all the trade but peace is still not here
• first globalization was environmental: pandemic disease or Columbian Exchange and today is climate change
  • doesn’t always have to be intentional
• military globalization: world wars
  • war on terror
• social globalization: migration, the spread of cultures. images. ideas. spread of world religions
  • money and skills
  • pop culture
• 21st-century globalization goes farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper.

globalization in the 21st century

^^factors^^

• network effects
  • democratization or pluralization of the global market resulting from networks
  • more pressure on companies to tell how ethical their operations are and be more transparent
  • pluralization is that people with different values get along
• triumph of neoliberalism and free trade. move everyone to freedom of free trade. economy more independent than ever
  • globalization is thicker. Europe is deeply dependent on Russia now since they control so much oil and gas
• transportation and communication networks make globalization quicker
  • get on an iPhone and talk to someone across the country
  • trade on the Japanese stock trade
  • transportation
• this type of globalization has spurred a political backlash
  • France on anti-immigration now
  • Taliban and anti-western extremist: push back on western culture

interdependence

• EU - European countries very dependent on each other
  • austerity: control of Greece so the euro was not affected which would affect everyone
• Norway cannot make its own food so in return they sell fish and oil
• Interdependence = mutual dependence
• where does it come from? economies to move goods and move things more quicker. technology. military. ecological.
  • Israel and the US. US gives Israel money for their military so Israel is greatly dependent on US for money. If Israel falls the west will use any influence in the middle east
  • Ecological: lines where borders are that are ecological intertwine such as climate change. Ecological issues where boundaries across solved together
• Benefit? Less likely to go to war, trade, gain to recourses
  • zero-sum: finite and doesn’t expand, one person’s gain is another person loss.
  • non-zero-sum: recourses are infinite.
• Costs? Can negatively affect you politically or economically. One crash will ripple through the whole economy globally. Inflation
  • vulnerability: dependent to the point where a state cannot leave the relationship.
• Symmetry: Equal
• Asymmetry: large disparity between the two
  • relationships in interdependence are often asymmetry
• Realism: much more zero-sum: Isreal controls a lot of the oil and can change it how they want
• Complex Interdependence

International Economic Organizations

• IMF International Monetary Fund was established end of WW2, agreement to create a fund to give to countries that needed to be developed and then can create new market economies
• The world bank: lends money to the poorest countries with some conditions
  • You get money to develop but you cannot give entitlements to people or you’ll be in debt
  • You have to open border to trade with no tariffs
• World Trade Organization (WTO): 1995, rules of free trade around the world and creates trade negotiations. Must agree on certain conditions to remain a part of the WTO
  • can complain against other countries during WTO and beef was a big one with Canada and US
  • huge protests against WTO: can benefit large corporations at the expense of labor, POC, and the environment.
  • Big countries established this institution - all members must agree to charter
  • To deal in market must agree to charter or will face consequences such as no trade
• OECD: the counterpart to NATO to coordinate Marshall Plan. Aid to countries to avoid communism
• ^^Impact of this:^^ Most of America has benefitted from this. General increase to people over the world due to globalization.

SHORT ESSAY

Movie

• Firestone was an important base for the rebels
• had food, communication, and nice homes
• plantations like the south
• work was demining and the pay was very low
• there were even overseers of the work
• Samuel Doe came into power and murdered the entire cabinet of people to claim the country
• Slaves from America go to Liberia and then enslave the people already there since Liberia was never colonized
• Most rubber in southeast Asia, rubber desire is exploding
• Japan pushing out in Asia and making it harder to get rubber
• six cents per acre
• 8,000 workers
• Part of Liberia’s economy
• Charles Taylor- evil, American educated

Day gone - 25

Chinese Belt Road

• Railway - 215 mph
• Ancient silk road- materials and goods across the countries to Europe
• Indonesia to collab with China and raise their people out of poverty
• Kenya allowed some Chinese laws due to the railroads
• If they cannot pay- they lose things
• Belt road strongly accused of corruption - debt traps
• Possible empire. Chinese is using it to increase power and control
• Chinese says they want more economic cooperation
• Malaysia renegotiated with China and started to cooperate
• Economic Powerhouse
• Demonstrate power: Soft power- pop culture. Hard power- military
  • Economic: do what we want and we trade, don’t do what we want we will not trade
• United states after Cold War to show power: Military: providing arms
  • Proxy wars
  • Supporting NATO
• United States with economic power: Marshall plan- Rebuilt ports, and airplanes, rebuild fundamental structures. These made partners work with us economically
• How is this different than what China is doing? The suspicion is that China isn’t doing this for free, and America didn’t do this for free either.
• Opium trade - get people addicted to opium and then take it away and then started wars and China had to pay for this. Opium wars
  • British fight with China
  • British forced open ports with China and took control. China couldn’t pay back and took ports
• American economic power and military power to force western values into places it isn’t wanted
• Ping starting 3rd term in china- realist. Mixing with communism and western capitalism
• Leader Ping will remain in power for a long time - democracy is different - people are not elected by the people
• What does this mean? It might take a generation or two until you see the outcome of this. Economic superpower. Unlimited recourses to build this, US does not have this. US would have to have a bill and then pass bill and fund bill.
  • China manipulates currency and can print money
  • China is not accountable to people
  • China will build this in other places and those places want this because it helps their economy with jobs and highways. Countries want this. It comes with a hitch. China requires them to pay it back and when they do not China says they will forgive the debt if they grant them favors like only trading with China or other things
• Impacts
  • 4.6 billion people will be affected by this. Half population affected
  • 29 trillion combined GDP of countries involved. Rival US
  • Poorer countries involved in this
  • Lots of strings involved in this - might be human rights
• A new cold war?
  • Between China and all these places vs other places that aren’t involved
• Cracks in US leadership?
  • Russia and Ukraine
  • War on terror: In war 20 years and only months after Afghanistan fell back
  • Vietnam: US got in and couldn’t get out and couldn’t save face
  • Power keeps diminishing
• Is US still strong?
  • Putin hasn’t used nukes

Human rights and democracy

• biodiversitysoviet union against religion - markism against it
• US can only enforce this with recourses - Liberia civil war. no recourses to protect them
• Human rights cant be realized in dictatorship or totalirian regime

Climate Change and Global Collective Action

• Big causes of Global Warming
  • CO2 and methane
  • fossils fuel
  • cows, permafrost, oil and gas
• Rising sea levels
  • artic and sub artic caps melting it changes ocean and land ice melting
  • 3-10 feet
  • more than one billion people live below this level
• Less snow melt and droughts
• Giant mass extinction: dinosaurs
  • soon tons of animals will be extinct
  • lack of bio diversity
• Extreme hot temperatures
• Hole in Ozone layer
  • 1970 scientist saw break down of ozone layer
  • Chlorine and Bromine eat up ozone layer
  • people got together and solved problem: its gone now. solution
  • Got together to sign Montreal Protocl in 1987: goal to phase out CFCs and other ozone depleting chemicals - shared all across the nation
  • CFCs in airplanes and burning in stirophome
  • CFCs replaced with HCFCs
  • expensive
  • alternatice was easy and inexpensive
  • a sucess since ozone protection
  • since treaty 98% of ozone depleating chemicals phased out
• Why not for climate change?
  • everybody produces carbon
  • fossil fuels are hard to get rid of
  • expensive to make transition - oil is cheap
  • US got to top with cheap energy and now to replace it will be a lot of work and a lot of money
  • solar panels might be elites
  • 1970 worrying about climate change
  • 1988 James Hansen testifies to congress of dangers of human climate change
  • Meet together every year to talk about it
  • signees must lower climate change in certain amount of years - last legal signing though US didnt sign
  • UNFCC
  • Paris agreement 2015- US did enter this and legally binding but enforcement is hard
• What makes climate change?
  • eating meat and vegetables
  • processed food
  • green
• Green washing- companies lying about what they are doing for the climate by saying they are doing something for envionrment but they arent
• Collective Vs Individual
  • collective action needs to happen for it to be solved not just individual
• Complications
  • imperfect knowledge- things kind of change but IDK about this
  • consequences feel far away from us - years from us
  • We wont experience positive effects - people generations after will
  • We are experiencing bad effects
  • feed back loops - carbon isnt linear its a process
• free rider- dont participate in helping out but get the benifits of it
  • industrialized vs un-insustulized
• Politics - partisen on this: pretending like it isnt here
• Money pledged for fund to pay other countries to stop using fossil fuels 20 billion when they need 4-6 trillion

MONDAY DEC 12 4 - not cumulative

Weapons Proliferation

• what is weapons proliferation? the transfer and export of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons, their means of delivery and related materials. The issue of proliferation received international attention for several years. increased weaponry
• Root causes? International concern?
• What can state or international community do?
• For as long as humans have fought, they have created weapons to kill each other faster and easier
• Greek fire- very very old war, spray fire on opponents ship - polynesian war
• attempts to build better tools and steal them, share them, keep them from other people
• mustard gas, machine guns, submarines (sneaking around opponents. sink ships without warning because you cannot see them since they are so sneaky. civilians kills. merchandise sunk.)
• Washington Naval Conference: agreement of what is permissible in naval war
  • size of ships
  • uncontrolled ships
• Geneva Gas Protocol: use of poisonous gas is not okay and violates just war
• Nuclear weapon Proliferation: US first to drop bombs - hiroshima and nagasaki.
  • US, USSR, UK, France, China, Israel, India, Pakistan, North Korea (Israel will not admit to having an atomic weapon because they use it to be the wild card, like fight us - see if we have it) (we do not know much about North Korea. Shadow state)
• Now lots of efforts have gone into controlling nuclear weapons and where are they going and how to stop people from using them
  • after soviet union where are the nuclear weapons? most likely in Ukraine
  • dirty bombs- force two things together to cause a split. takes a lot of material to create a bomb.
• mutually assured destruction: US has tons of nuclear weapons and so does Russia. If either one sent it off the other would and everyone would DIE. It created stability becuase people dont want to kill everyone
  • Minimum deterrence: creating enough bombs to have what you need to protect your own borders - China is an example of this. Creating these weapons is really expensive and its dangerous to keep stock piles. China knows they need to keep up but dont need to go any further than that so they dont bankrupt themselves.
  • India has no first use policy: India has weapons but they will not use them unless it is to protect themselves
  • US might say this but never fully adopts this
  • Isreal: you dont know how many we have or how intense they are so be careful
• 1963 - limited test ban: no more above ground testing
  • way to scare other party
• 1968 non proliferation treaty: not share nuclear information with other countries
• 1972 Salt 1: only have enough to destroy each other a little bit i think IDK
• 1972: anti biolistic missals: range on missals since they can go so far now
• 1979: Salt II: limitation more refined
• 1991: Start I: track weapons to make sure they arent with terrorist
• 1996 Start II: no weapons underground
• 2019 new start: methods to keep track of weapons and inspect weapons
• Atomic energy agency and UN special commission to watch weapons and have inspectors to enforce treaties
• Chemical and Biological weapons
  • Syria: US did use chemical weapons
  • Biological weapons: disease. some people thought COVID was this. ability to develop super bug and weaken opponent.
  • some people might not know you did it
  • might be cheaper
  • might be a lot smaller amount
• Challenges for enforcement?
  • Huge facility to build the bomb - might be underground. takes a ton of recourses you can see this through satieties. watch things move around
  • Where to build biological weapon? you can do this in a small lab. might not throw any red flags.
  • enforcement can be really hard
  • Who makes these? international companies selling and its hard to stop private companies
• 21 century concerns
  • drones
  • cyber weapons
  • cluster bombs
  • vacuum bombs

Global Health

• International issue because a disease does not have a boarder. It can easily impact everywhere because it can spread everywhere.
• Disease can lead to poverty - diseases are expensive. Hospital, medicine, workers dying. - bad for US cause cant do business there. This can also lead to war and poverty and misery
• International community - the rich should help countries that cant affort it and help raise the standard of living for everyone - social contract
  • has this worked? successful. no more small pox, polio. life expectancy has risen.
• Noteable development in global health
  • Cholera was epidemic. John Snow mapped it and highly correlated with water wells. Found that it was waterborne. Solution was to not let people get water where cholera was and that stopped the spread.
  • sanitation became a big deal
  • Crimean War: keep russia from expanding and support ottemen empire. Britan and allies achieve their goals but tons of people were dying from diseases. clean water, deal with waste/dead bodies properly. Florence Nightingale suggested this.
  • endemic: a disease exists but it doesnt kill everyone - flu
  • epidemic: spread to people rapidly and new. city leve/state level.
  • pandemic: around the world
  • Panama Canal: yellow fever from mosquito born illness and malaria. French abandon since tons of them died. America then picked it up for cheap but they warned it would kill tons of workers.
  • theory that mosquito born not sanitation
  • get rid of open water sources where larva is - it works
  • fumigants to fight of mosquitos
  • Flu Pandemic 1918: hit troops in Europe hard and they brought it back. hit US in military bases and spread out to general pop. when soldiers went home. In Europe and US and Germany but Germany refused to admit it happened.
  • US tried to deal with it local level. Isolate houses and people. Masks, anti spitting. Some successful and some not.
  • Lots died due to illness than in war WWII
  • World Health Organization WHO established in 1948
  • still active today
  • Polio Vaccine
  • paralyzed or dead - young children get it much easier
  • 1955 vaccine produced and given
  • in one year it decreased by 90%
  • almost irradicated in US
  • Small Pox Vaccine
  • eradiated worldwide 1988
  • AIDS: discovered in 1980s
  • people in US can still long lives with AIDS
  • Neglected tropical diseases or NDTs: affect non US citizens

Global financial institution - pay attention for test

Post cold war, globalization, human rights, Chinese belt road, climate change, weapon prefiltration

The film I was gone for - 2018

• People trying to escape other countries due to bad places and unfair treatment
• Conditions people are fleeing from
• People being pushed from where they are from - oppression, political violence, religious persecution
• Trying to get to Germany and Finland and UK - these countries had the best policy
• Give them homes and help them get used to living conditions
• US in war with Syria
• US not really an option
• trips were brutal
• refugee camps springing up in Europe
• 2016-2018: Balkins and Austria and Hungry: cracking down on people crossing on their land
• Migrants crossing Hungary land and the locals kicked the immigrants
• New president ran with no more immigration
• Greece runs with idea with closing Greece down
• Politics much harsher with immigration
• Push factors (pushing to leave): war, ISIS,
• State level- not let them in/only let so many in
• EU: how should countries treat immigrants
  • some countries are being asked to support other countries with lots amounts of immigrants

Imagining Global Futures

• bad
• World Federalism: world will look exactly like it does now
  • equilibrium that hit now so it will stay the same
  • realist: world will stay the same
• Functionalism: increase in power of internatinal action - economy gets more complex and UN will increase in its presence to help in shortage in water and shortage in oil. Give up some state soveringty
• Regionalism: border state boundries that might become less important
• Ecologism: Challenges to natural world (climate change, popution, natural recourses): scasity in water, pollution, recourses. Will make the states begin to act differently. Realign priories for national relations
• Cyberfeudalism: more and more people connected online people will form communites or nations that have no relation to state boundries and decreases power of states
  • cyber communities and will decrease state boundaries
• These 5 are what the book predicts the world will go in
• Are cultural differences the next great challenge to peace?
  • The West and Islam
  • 9/11
  • Religious ideas to oppose the west - rise of ISIS
• Recent trends?
  • Most of confilct is within states not the west vs the rest anymore
  • Techonology and diffusion of power to intergovernmental organizations, transational coprations and nongovernmetnal organizatiosn
  • terrorism - aggresion by non-state actors
  • weapons proliferation: increased
  • Cyberwarfare
  • Pandemics
  • Migration
  • Rise of autocracy
  • Russia
  • Resurgence of nationalism (right wing populism)
  • people hold on to what they are and fight against who tries to change it
• States and national identies are powerful
• We dont really know how it will go
• We used to be able to know weather and now we dont at all
• Climate change and new challenges big time