Chem Polyatomic Ions and Formulas

Ions with No Charge

Ions with 2- Charge

Ions with 3- Charge

Other Miscellaneous Ions

Prefixes and Suffixes

• Suffixes:

  • -ate: Most common form (e.g., Nitrate NO3-)

  • -ite: One oxygen less than -ate (e.g., Nitrite NO2-)

• Prefixes:

  • Per-: One more oxygen than -ate (e.g., Perchlorate ClO4-)

  • Hypo-: One less oxygen than -ite (e.g., Hypochlorite ClO-)

  • Thio- sulfur replaces oxygen ( (e.g., Thiosulfate S2O3 -2)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

E = hν
c = λν

• E = energy

• ν = frequency

• λ = wavelength

• Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 × 10−34 J s

• Speed of light, c = 2.998 × 10^8 m/s

• Avogadro’s number = 6.022 × 10^23 mol−1

• Electron charge, e = −1.602 × 10−19 coulomb

• 1 m = 1 x 10^9 nm

• Effective nuclear charge – Zeff (which electron) = # protons – inner core electrons

• Relative weighted average atomic mass = Σ(isotopic mass · fractional

• KINETICS

  • $[ ext{ln}[A]_t - ext{ln}[A]_0 = -kt ]$

  • $[ \frac{1}{[A]} - \frac{1}{[A]_0} = kt ]$

  • $t½ = [ \frac{0.693}{k} ]$

  • k = rate constant

  • t = time

  • t½ = half-lifeabundance)

EQUILIBRIUM

• Kc = $[ \frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b} ] (where a A + b B ⇌ c C + d D)$

• Kp =$[\frac{P_{}^{c}P^{d}}{P^{a}P^{b}}]$

• Ka = $[ \frac{[H^+][A^-]}{[HA]} ]$

• Kb =$[ \frac{[OH^-][HB^+]}{[B]} ]$

• Kw = $[ [H^+][OH^-] = 1.0 × 10^{-14}$
  $\text{ at } 25^{\circ}C = Ka × Kb ]$

• Ksp = [A^+] [B^-] where AB(s) ⇌ A^+ (aq) + B^- (aq)

• % ionization = [x] [acid or base] × 100

• pH = $−log[H^+], pOH = −log[OH^-]$

• $14 = pH + pOH$

• $pH = pKa + log [ \frac{[A^-]}{[HA]} ]$

• $pKa = −logKa, pKb = −logKb$

GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS

• $PV = nRT$

• $PA = P_total × X_A, where X_A = moles A / total moles$

• $P_total = P_A + P_B + P_C + …$ n = m / M

• $K = °C + 273$

• Coulomb’s Law (all attractive forces) Energy or force of attraction α charge/distance

  Formal charge = # valence electrons – (# lone electrons + ½ shared electrons)

  Dilution – M1V1 = M2V2

- D = m / V

• KE per molecule = $[ \frac{1}{2}mv^2 ]$

• Molarity, M = moles of solute per liter of solution

THERMOCHEMISTRY / ELECTROCHEMISTRY

• products ⇌ reactants

• $q = mcΔT$

• $ΔS, ΔH, ΔG (Gibbs free energy and more)$

• $ln f = fn = ∑q f$

• ΔH˚ rxn = Σbonds broken – Σbonds formed

• q_hot metal = - q_cold water

• q_hot water = - q_cold water

• q_dissolution = - (q_solution + q_calorimeter)

• q_reaction = - q_solution

• E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode

• Amp = coulomb/s

OTHER

• % yield = (actual/theoretical) × 100

• % error = (actual − theoretical) / theoretical × 100

• Equation for straight line (used for variety of plots) – y = mx + b

• % mass = (g part / total mass) × 100

Physics

Kinematics Formulas

• Displacement:
  $\Delta x=vi+\frac12at^2$
    - where $\Delta x$ = displacement, $vi$ = initial velocity, $a$ = acceleration, $t$ = time.

• Final Velocity:
    $v=vi+at$
    - where $v$ = final velocity.

• Velocity-Time Relation:
    $v^2=vi^2+2a\Delta x$

• Average Velocity:
    $v_{avg}=\frac{\Delta x}{t}$
    - where $s$ = total displacement, $t$ = total time.

• Acceleration:
    $a=\frac{v-vi}{t}$

Circuit Formulas

• Ohm's Law:
    $V = IR$
    - where $V$ = voltage (volts), $I$ = current (amperes), $R$ = resistance (ohms).

• Power:
    $P = IV$
    - where $P$ = power (watts).

• Resistance in Series:
    $R_{total} = R_1 + R_2 + R_3 + … + R_n$

• Resistance in Parallel:
    $\frac{1}{R_{total}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \frac{1}{R_3} + … + \frac{1}{R_n}$

• Capacitance in Series:
    $\frac{1}{C_{total}} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2} + … + \frac{1}{C_n}$

• Capacitance in Parallel:
    $C_{total} = C_1 + C_2 + … + C_n$

Kirchhoff's Laws

• Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL):
    $\sum I_{in} = \sum I_{out}$
    - The total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving the junction.

• Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL):
    $\sum V = 0$
    - The sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed circuit is zero.

The quadratic formula is used to find the solutions of a quadratic equation of the form $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$. The formula is given by:
$x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$
Where:

• a = coefficient of $x^2$

• b = coefficient of $x$

• c = constant term

• $b^2 - 4ac$ is known as the discriminant, which determines the nature of the roots:
    - If the discriminant is greater than 0, there are two real and distinct solutions.
    - If the discriminant is equal to 0, there is one real solution (repeated root).
    - If the discriminant is less than 0, there are no real solutions (the roots are complex).