Vocabulary
Semantic Field - a group of words/phrases with a common meaning
Denotation - dictionary definition
Connotation - the associated ideas with a word
Synonym - a word with the same meaning
Antonym - a word with the opposite meaning
Collocation/collocates - words which go together (salt and pepper)
Euphemism - a less harsh way of saying things
Dysphemism - a blunt way of saying things
Hypernym - an umbrella term/generic term
Hyponym - a part of a larger collection
Grice’s maxim of quality - what is said must be truthful
Grice’s maxim of quantity - what is said should be the right length
Grice’s maxim of relevance - what is said should be relevant
Grice’s maxim of manner - what is said should be clear
minor/fragment sentence - an incomplete sentence
simple sentence - a main clause on its own
compound sentence - two or more simple sentences joined by a conjunction
complex sentence - a sentence that contains at least one subordinate clause
interrogative - used to ask questions
declarative - used to make a statement
imperative - used to make a command
exclamative - used to make an exclamation
problem and solution (structure) - the text poses a problem and then provides the solution
cause and effect (structure) - the text introduces an issue and the consequences of it
cyclical (structure) - the text ends on the same thread as it started
narrative (structure) - the text tells a story
question and answer (structure) - the text poses a question and then provides an answer
turn taking (speech) - where speakers take turns to speak
adjacency pairs (speech) - pairs of conventional speech
false starts (non fluency features) - the speaker starts to speak but then stops and retries that start
repair (non fluency feature) - the speaker makes a mistake and correct is
filler (non fluency feature) - words which speakers use to gain time to think
back-channelling (non-fluency feature) - where a speaker passively agrees with what’s being said
anaphoric reference - looks back at the text
cataphoric reference - looks forwards into the text
graphology - the study of how aesthetics are produced
orthography - the study of writing and the rules attached
common noun - general nouns
proper noun - places and names
concrete noun - can be touched
abstract noun - cannot be touched
collective noun - refers to a group
main verb - the main action of a sentence
verbal verb - communicative actions
material verb - events or actions
dynamic verb - actions which have definitive starts and ends
mental and stative verbs - perceptions, cognitive processes and feelings
transitive verb - have a direct object
intransitive verb - don’t have a direct object
modal verbs - verbs which indicate a level of possibility or obligation
auxiliary verb - verbs which assist the main verb
modal auxiliary verb - verbs which assist the main verb and indicate possibility and obligation
copular verb - linking verb (be, is, was)
base adjective - simplest form
comparative adjective - used to compare
superlative adjective - used to indicate the most extreme form
time adverb - indicates when something occurs
place adverb - indicates where something occurs
manner adverb - indicates how something occurs
frequency adverb - indicates how often something occurs
quantifiers - gives a numerical value
demonstrative determiner - specify what is being referred to
definite determiners - something specific
indefinite determiners - something general
Adjectives of quality - describe the nature of a noun
Adjectives of quantity - refer to the amount of the noun - determiner
Possessive Adjectives - indicate to whom the following noun belongs to - determiner
Demonstrative adjectives - identify a specific noun - determiner
Interrogative adjectives - ask questions - determiner
Factual adjectives - provide extra facts about the noun
Opinionative adjectives - expresses an opinion about a noun
Coordinate adjectives - list of adjectives separated by commas whose order can be rearranged easily
Non-coordinate adjectives - cannot be rearranged, don't use commas
Comparative and superlative adjectives - allow you to compare things e.g. tall, taller, tallest
Semantic Field - a group of words/phrases with a common meaning
Denotation - dictionary definition
Connotation - the associated ideas with a word
Synonym - a word with the same meaning
Antonym - a word with the opposite meaning
Collocation/collocates - words which go together (salt and pepper)
Euphemism - a less harsh way of saying things
Dysphemism - a blunt way of saying things
Hypernym - an umbrella term/generic term
Hyponym - a part of a larger collection
Grice’s maxim of quality - what is said must be truthful
Grice’s maxim of quantity - what is said should be the right length
Grice’s maxim of relevance - what is said should be relevant
Grice’s maxim of manner - what is said should be clear
minor/fragment sentence - an incomplete sentence
simple sentence - a main clause on its own
compound sentence - two or more simple sentences joined by a conjunction
complex sentence - a sentence that contains at least one subordinate clause
interrogative - used to ask questions
declarative - used to make a statement
imperative - used to make a command
exclamative - used to make an exclamation
problem and solution (structure) - the text poses a problem and then provides the solution
cause and effect (structure) - the text introduces an issue and the consequences of it
cyclical (structure) - the text ends on the same thread as it started
narrative (structure) - the text tells a story
question and answer (structure) - the text poses a question and then provides an answer
turn taking (speech) - where speakers take turns to speak
adjacency pairs (speech) - pairs of conventional speech
false starts (non fluency features) - the speaker starts to speak but then stops and retries that start
repair (non fluency feature) - the speaker makes a mistake and correct is
filler (non fluency feature) - words which speakers use to gain time to think
back-channelling (non-fluency feature) - where a speaker passively agrees with what’s being said
anaphoric reference - looks back at the text
cataphoric reference - looks forwards into the text
graphology - the study of how aesthetics are produced
orthography - the study of writing and the rules attached
common noun - general nouns
proper noun - places and names
concrete noun - can be touched
abstract noun - cannot be touched
collective noun - refers to a group
main verb - the main action of a sentence
verbal verb - communicative actions
material verb - events or actions
dynamic verb - actions which have definitive starts and ends
mental and stative verbs - perceptions, cognitive processes and feelings
transitive verb - have a direct object
intransitive verb - don’t have a direct object
modal verbs - verbs which indicate a level of possibility or obligation
auxiliary verb - verbs which assist the main verb
modal auxiliary verb - verbs which assist the main verb and indicate possibility and obligation
copular verb - linking verb (be, is, was)
base adjective - simplest form
comparative adjective - used to compare
superlative adjective - used to indicate the most extreme form
time adverb - indicates when something occurs
place adverb - indicates where something occurs
manner adverb - indicates how something occurs
frequency adverb - indicates how often something occurs
quantifiers - gives a numerical value
demonstrative determiner - specify what is being referred to
definite determiners - something specific
indefinite determiners - something general
Adjectives of quality - describe the nature of a noun
Adjectives of quantity - refer to the amount of the noun - determiner
Possessive Adjectives - indicate to whom the following noun belongs to - determiner
Demonstrative adjectives - identify a specific noun - determiner
Interrogative adjectives - ask questions - determiner
Factual adjectives - provide extra facts about the noun
Opinionative adjectives - expresses an opinion about a noun
Coordinate adjectives - list of adjectives separated by commas whose order can be rearranged easily
Non-coordinate adjectives - cannot be rearranged, don't use commas
Comparative and superlative adjectives - allow you to compare things e.g. tall, taller, tallest
