Untitled Flashcards Set

Unit 8 Study Guide

*Unit 8 Test  March 11th/ 12th

Causes of Industrialization

Vocab – 

Industrialization - Economic shift from agriculture to industries 

Cottage Industry - when food and clothes were made in the home; this was replaced by the factory system

Steam Engine - New engine made that ran on steam and allowed for increased industrial production and transportation technologies 

Factory system - when goods were made in a factory with an assembly line; more efficient and cheaper than cottage industry

Essential Questions – 

1. What was the Industrial Revolution characterized by?  The widespread adoption of new technologies, including steam power, machinery and factory systems.

2. What were some immediate impacts of the Industrial Revolution? rapid urbanization as people moved to cities for factory jobs, a shift from agrarian economies to manufacturing, increased production and efficiency due to new machinery, significant economic growth, the development of the factory system, and widespread exploitation of labor, particularly child labor, often under poor working conditions

Guiding Questions – 

1. What impact did the textile industry have? It was one of the first industries impacted by the industrial revolution leading to new inventions being made, job specialization, and the factory system 

2. What was the Second Agricultural Revolution? Why did it have to come before the Industrial Revolution? The second agricultural revolution waswhen new innovations were made to increase the production of food. This allowed for a food surplus, resulting in population growth, which created a large labor pool needed to work in factories. Also the innovations resulted in needing less agricultural laborers and more people moving to cities to find work

3. What were some of the inventions made at this time and how did they impact society? Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and cotton gin all made the textile industry more efficient and profitable. The steam engine powered textile factories and new transportation like steamships and trains. Assembly line allowed for job specialization and increased efficiency

4. What was the industrial revolution known for? Urbanization, new inventions using scientific knowledge, capitalism and free enterprise, social class inequalities 

Effects of Industrialization

Vocab – 

Urbanization - the movement of people from rural to urban areas

Capitalism - an economic system based on private ownership and profit motive

Capital - money, profit

Essential Questions – 

1. How did economic changes from the Industrial Revolution influence social changes of urbanization? causing a mass migration of people from rural areas to cities in search of employment, leading to rapid population growth in urban centers and the development of new social structures within these cities

2. How did the changes from urbanization and industrialization result in global impacts?Polluted water sources, open sewers, more fires, crime, violence, made diseases or epidemics easier to spread because of close proximity

Guiding Questions – 

1. What did industrialization result in? Economically - new means of production including factory system and assembly line politically- mercantilism no longer used, government not involved in economy technology- new inventions made to make goods faster and cheaper, communication and transportation tech improved socially - inequalities emphasized with capitalism and make profit motive, new innovations like entertainment and vaccines impres society, urbanization 

2. Why was it significant that the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to the rest of Europe and America? This allowed these countries to grow faster and larger than the other countries in the world, essentialy creating the wealthiest economies for years to come 

3. How did the factory system impact Europe? Economically - assembly line and mass production allowed goods to be made quicker and cheaper 

socially - cottage industries no longer used so families were separated, terrible working conditions and low wages in factories the working class and white collar class created 

4. How did the Industrial Revolution impact European populations?Populations increased and many moved from rural area to urban areas (urbanization)

5. How did the Industrial Revolution lead to the colonization of Africa and Asia? - in order to keep making goods, European countries needed more raw materials, so they started looking elsewhere, and found many of the resources they needed in Africa and Asia 

6. What issues arose in regards to labor during this time? To children, women, the family system? Working long hours, dangerous work conditions, harsh disipline, low wages, choldren were part of the workfore working dangerous jobs instread of receving an education 

7. What did the following inventions impact? 

Cotton Gin: people didn’t need to separate cotton by hand

Steam Engine: textile factories no longer needed to be located near rivers, steamships could travel further, railroads could be built

Flying Shuttle: people didn’t need to thread textiles together by hand, made it much faster

Spinning Jenny: Same as flying shuttle but with cotton

New Economic Theories

Vocab – 

Socialism - economic system characterized by government ownership of some means of production, and private ownership of other businesses

Communism - an economic system characterized by government ownership of all means of production, focused on sharing the wealth and eliminating classes

Bourgeoisie - middle-upper class that managed and owned factories

Mercantilism - economic system in which governments prioritized maximizing exports and minimizing imports

Capitalism - an economic system based on private ownership and profit motive

Free enterprise system - an economic system emphasizing minimal government interventions in the economy

Invisible hand - the way that a free market economy regulates itself, without government intervention

Laissez-faire - “leave it alone” used to support free-enterprise

the way that a free market economy regulates itself, without government intervention

Proletariat - lower, working class

Essential Questions – 

1. How did industrialization lead to the development of new economic systems like capitalism and the free enterprise system? Industrialization made money for a lot of the factory workers so new economic systems like capitalism and free enterprise because citizens wanted to own their own business but the government still had some control over them 

2. How did the rise in capitalism result in the development of additional economic systems like socialism and communism?

3. In what ways did social reforms impact society during the Industrial Revolution?

Guiding Questions – 

1. Who was Adam Smith and what did he advocate for? Founder of capitalism, advocated for laissez faire 

2. What did Laissez faire advocate for? Economic freedom and self interest guide for economic stability and harmony instead of the government guiding the economy 

3. What is socialism and its goals? The economy should have the government regulate parts of the means of production to address inequalities created by industrialization, while other aspects of the economy remain private 

4. What are the key characteristics of capitalism? Economic freedom, voluntary exchange, private property, competition, and profit motive

5. What are the key characteristics of communism? Social classes would not exist, Prolariat would take control of means of production and wealth would be shared qually, everything produced in a communist system is for the common good, no private property, no voluntary exchange of goods and services and no profit motive 

6. What economic theories developed as a by-product of capitalism? Why did they develop?Communism and socialism; they were made to address the inequalities that workers were experiencing from capitalism and the industrial revolution

7. What is the main difference between communism and capitalism? Communism has no social or economic classes, while capitalism encourages classes with a profit motive; which communism, everything is publicly owned, while in capitalism everything is privately owned 

Causes of Imperialism

Vocab – 

Imperialism - When a country’s exerts control or influence over another country 

Nationalism - the belief that your country is better than another

Protectorate -  a state that’s controlled by another country, but still remains independent

Colony - a state that’s controlled by another distant country, usually with settlers from mother country, and the colony has no control over its internal affairs

Social Darwinism - a form of scientific racism used to justify imperialism, claiming that Europeans were biologically superior to their colonists

Essential Questions – 

1. How did industrialization and its direct social changes result in the wave of new imperialism?

2. What was necessary for European countries to further colonize various parts of the world during the wave of New Imperialism?

Guiding Questions –

1. What impact did the industrial revolution have on imperialism? The industrial revolution was a major change which fueled imperialism in europe, because European countries wanted more raw materials to continue to produce goods from the industrial revolution

2. What is Social Darwinism? How was it used to justify imperialism? Scientific racism, related to the white man’s burden. The idea that the spread of us and european power proved they were biologically superior compared to the people in africa, asia and other area 

3. What ideals are included in democracy? (review question) How did imperialism have conflicting ideas to democracy? Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; people having the power to make decisions in their government 

4. What is the meaning of the term ‘White Man’s Burden’? It was white people’s “burden” or “duty” to civilize the people they saw as inferior to them in Africa, Asia and other colonized regions 

5. How did different technological advancements aid European countries in imperialism? Military tech - gave more force; medical advancements - quinine protected europeans from malaria and yellow fever; communication tech-cables and telegraph helped countries communicate with colonies; transportation tech-steamships and railroads helped transport goods back to europe and build into the interior of colonies; photography captured human rights abuses 

6. What were the main causes of Imperialism?Industrialization resulting in Euroean nations competing against one another to dominate and expand their influence, need for raw materials, cultural/ raical justifications nationalism

Effects of Imperialism 

Vocab- 

Suez Canal - waterway that connected Mediterranean Sea to Indian Ocean, saving a trip all around Africa

White Man’s Burden - the belief that it was Europeans’ duty or burden to save the “less civilized” in the countries they colonized

Berlin Conference & Scramble for Africa - Berlin Conference was when European countries divided up Africa into colonies without African representation, the Scramble for Africa was the rapid imperialism that followed as European countries quickly took control of African colonies to exploit their resources

Manifest Destiny - the belief that it was inevitable and divinely ordained (allowed by God) for the US to expand westward to the Pacific

Essential Questions: 

1. How did imperialism affect Africa, Asia, and Latin America? 

2. What implications did imperialism have for Great Britain and the specific countries it colonized?

Guiding Questions: 

1. Where is the Suez Canal located (make sure to know it on a map!) & what was the significance of it? In between africa and asia - it was a quicker route between europe and india which made the trip shorter for britishmerchants, adding to “Sun never sets on the british empire”

2. What did the Berlin Conference do to Africa? It split up africa into colonies ithout african representation, leading to future conflict between ethnic groups 

3. What was the significance of 19th -century European colonialism in Africa? The competition for raw materials exploited many natural resources, independence totally taken away by colonziers, tradional languages and religions lost 

4. What concepts of the 19th century are highlighted by the Scramble for Africa? The scramble for africa was a great example of imperialism, because countries of imperialism, because countries were desperately trying to gain control of African colong for their raw materials. It was also a great example of nationalism, because each european country was trying to gain more colonies to keep up with the competition around them 

What was the impact of European imperialism? European expansion resulted in the erasure of many native cultures to replace them with european ones