organic chem

Science 30 – Organic Chemistry Study Guide

PART A: Functional Groups and Structures

Know how to:

• Identify functional groups

• Name compounds (IUPAC)

• Draw condensed and structural formulas

Functional Groups to Know:

Examples from the Sheet:

• Pentanoic acid = carboxylic acid

• Butan-2-ol = alcohol

• Ethyl butanoate = ester

• 2-bromo-2-chloropentane = halogenated hydrocarbon

PART B: Organic Reactions

1. Esterification

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid → Ester + Water

Examples:

• Ethanoic acid + Butan-1-ol → Butyl ethanoate + H₂O

• Propanoic acid + Pentan-1-ol → Pentyl propanoate + H₂O

Important:

• Use H₂SO₄ as a catalyst

• Draw out full Lewis/structural diagrams when asked

PART C: Identifying Functional Groups in Molecules

Look for:

• Carboxylic Acid: -COOH

• Alcohol: -OH on a carbon

• Halides: Cl, Br, F, I on a carbon

• Benzene ring: hexagon with circle or alternating double bonds

• Esters: R-COO-R'

• Ethers, Aldehydes (less focus but sometimes shown)

Basics of Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds.

Key Characteristics:

• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

• Forms chains, branched chains, and rings

• Bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, sulfur

Hydrocarbons: compounds made only of carbon and hydrogen
Types:

• Alkanes: only single bonds (saturated)

• Alkenes: at least one double bond (unsaturated)

• Alkynes: at least one triple bond (unsaturated)

• Aromatic compounds: contain a benzene ring

2. Naming Hydrocarbons (IUPAC Rules)

Steps:

1. Identify the longest carbon chain (parent chain)

2. Number the chain to give the lowest number to the first branch or double/triple bond

3. Name the branches (alkyl groups) and assign numbers

4. Use prefixes: di-, tri-, tetra- for multiple groups

5. Combine name: #-branch-parent chain

Examples:

• CH₄ = Methane

• C₂H₆ = Ethane

• CH₃CH₂CH₃ = Propane

• CH₃CH=CH₂ = Propene

Prefixes (1-10 carbon atoms):
meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, hept-, oct-, non-, dec-

3. Functional Groups and Derivatives

4. Drawing Structural Formulas

• Condensed: CH₃CH₂CH₃

• Expanded/Structural: show each bond

• Line Diagrams: each line represents a bond, ends/junctions are carbon atoms

5. Types of Organic Reactions