Intro to bonding

• The system for naming substances is called chemical nomenclature

• Chemical nomenclature is a set of rules used to generate systematic naming for chemical compounds

• Organic nomenclature

  • contain carbon, usually bonded with Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur.

Inorganic nomenclature

• everything else

Chemical Bonding

• a mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that bind the atoms together

• Atoms form bonds by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons

Octet rule - the tendency of atoms to want to have eight valence electrons

Types of bonds :

• Covalent

  • sharing of electron pairs

• Ionic

  • electrical attraction between positive cations and negative anions

Ionic

• Cation and Anion - electron gained/lost

  • Cation - loses one or more electrons

  • Anion - gains on or more electrons

Covalent bonds are formed between two nonmetals and are the sharing of electrons

Naming

Ionic

Ionic compounds are made of a metal cation and a nonmetal anion

• The first element is a metal (left of the stair step)

• The second element is a nonmetal ( right of the stair step)

• The metal is ALWAYS written first

Naming Rules

1. Confirm the compound is ionic ( metal followed by nonmetal)

2. The number of atoms does not matter and there are NO prefixes

3. Name the cation (metal)

4. Name the anion (nonmetal), using the root of the element and changing the ending to -ide

   Ex:

   1. NaCl - Sodium Chloride

Acid (starts with hydrogen)

• Hydrogen with a single element

  • prefix = hydro

  • follow by element root

  • suffix = -ic

  • followed by “acid”

Formula: hydro__(element root)__ic acid

Ex :

HBr - hydrobromic acid

• Hydrogen with a Polyatomic Ion

  • If Polyatomic Ion ends with -ate replace with -ic and follow it with “acid”

    • H(NO3) = hydrogen with nitrate = Nitric Acid

  • If Polyatomic Ion ends with -ite replace with -ous

    • H(NO2) = hydrogen with nitrite = Nitrous Acid