AP Euro Unit 7

1: The Haitian Revolution

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) - Successful slave uprising in the French colony of St. Dominique, establishing the first Black republic. Inspired/possible because of the French Revolution.

Toussaint L’Ouverture - Leader of Haitian Revolution, led nation as anti-colonial absolutist.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines - Haitian Emperor, after L’Ouverture. Anti-colonial absolutist.

2: Congress of Vienna

Congress of Vienna - Major European powers meet to restore the Balance of Power after the Napoleonic Wars. England, Prussia, Russia, France, Austria.

Prince Clemens von Metternich - Conservative host of the Congress of Vienna. Hatred of revolutions, desired to restore Old Order monarchs and absolutism.

Talleyrand - French diplomat at the Congress of Vienna, won favorable terms for the Bourbon dynasty and France. 

Czar Alexander I - Russian emperor, defeated Napoleon, Holy Alliance.

Quadruple Alliance - Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia prevent future French aggression.

Legitimacy - Restoration of monarchies based on established traditions.

Compensation - Agreement to conceded a political goal to leverage a different goal.e

German Confederation - Congress of Vienna attempts to unify Germany, led by Austria.

King Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824) - Bourbon restored to French throne after fall of Napoleon.

“Concert of Europe” - European powers agree to maintain balance of power after Napoleon.

Repeats: Balance of Power

3: Age of Ideologies in Early 19th Century Europe

Conservatism - Political and social philosophy adverse to change. Promotes traditional monarchies, feudalism, and absolutism.

Liberalism - Political ideology based on individual freedoms, government from the consent of the governed. Democracy, free markets, small government.

Nationalism - Political ideology that promotes the self-determination and culture of a nation at all costs under a common identity. 

Holy Alliance - Alliance between Austria, Prussia, and Russia to suppress revolutionary movements across Europe after the Napoleonic wars.

4: Europe Industrializes

Consumer Revolution of the 18th Century -  Colonial empires and modern manufacturing lead to a drastic increase in consumption of goods across social hierarchies.

Industrial Revolution - Technological and capitalist driven transformation from agricultural to industrial society, starting in Britain. Urbanization and new working class.

Steam Engine - Technology necessary for the Industrial Revolution for transportation (trains) and mechanized manufacturing.

James Watt - Scottish engineer, modern improvements to steam engine.

Textile Industry - Fabric and clothing production, early stages of British industrialization.

Spinning Jenny - Mechanized spinning frame allows one worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously.

Steam Locomotive - Railway powered by steam engines, crucial role of transport during Industrial Revolution.

George Stephenson - Known as the “Father of Railways,” built the first steam locomotive.

5: Effects and Reactions to Industrialization

Manchester - Central hub of British industrialization powered by steam technology. Repressive and volatile working conditions, extreme socioeconomic divide.

Cholera, Typhus, Diphtheria - Infectious bacterial diseases commonly spread by polluted water in industrialized Britain.

“King Cholera” - Personification of urban cholera outbreaks caused by industrialization.

Corn Laws - British tariffs on corn to protect domestic farmers, keeping the price high.

6: Romanticism

Neoclassicism - 18th-century artistic and architectural movement that revitalized Greek and Roman architecture, Enlightenment ideals.

Romanticism - Late 18th-century artistic movement emphasizing the individual, nature, emotional intelligence, nationalism, antithesis of Enlightenment rationalism.

Caspar David Freidrich - German Romantic painter, beauty and expanse of nature.

Wanderer above the Sea Fog (1819) - Romantic painting by Casper David Freiclich emphasizing vastness of nature and individualism.

Eugene Delacroix - French Romantic Painter, emphasis on emotional individualism.

Liberty Leading The People (1831) - Romantic painting by Eugene Delacroix, nationalism, freedom, struggle for liberty.

Joseph Turner - English Romantic Painter, power of nature, focus on light and color.

Rain, Steam, and Speed (1844) - Romantic painting by Joseph Turner, view of future, beauty and vastness of nature.

Lord Byron - English Romantic Poet, themes of individualism, rebellion, and social commentary.

Percy Shelley - English Romantic Poet, themes of individualism, liberty, critiques of power structures.

Mary Shelley - English Romantic Novelist, early science fiction and horror, wrote Frankenstein.

Neo-Gothic/Gothic Revival Architecture - 19th-century Romantic architectural style, intricate details, revival of Medieval past.

Richard Wagner - 19th-century German Romantic composer, German nationalist.

Hegelian Dialectic - Philosophical concept by Georg Wilhem Frederich Hegel. Thesis is challenged by Antithesis, leader to deeper Synthesis (which becomes a new thesis).

Repeats: Jacques-Louis David

7: Class and Lifestyle in the Early 19th Century

Bourgeoisie/Middle Classes - Class that emerged in the transition from feudalism to capitalism, owning the means of production. Merchants, bankers, manufacturers, lawyers, entrepreneurs.

London - Capital city of England, a major center of trade, finance, and culture.

Suburbs - A residential area located on the outskirts of a major city. Lower population density.

“Cult of domesticity” - Gender ideology confining women to the submissive domestic sphere (a “true woman”) and men to the public sphere.

New Poor Law of 1834 - British law establishing workhouses, discouraging government aid unless necessary.

Workhouses - Victorian society viewed laziness as the cause of poverty, poor were housed in extremely harsh conditions as urban populations grew in the Industrial Revolution.

8: Rise of Mass Politics

Peterloo Massacre (1819) - British military charged a large crowd of peaceful protestors in Manchester, many deaths. Extreme tension between Parliament and working class.

Anti Corn-Law League - Movement led by the middle class to lower taxes on imported grain. Took advantage of high prices of working class’s food.

Catholic Association - 19th-century British organization that advocated for rights and freedoms of Catholics, response to predominant Protestantism.

Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) - British law allowing Roman Catholics to hold public office and serve in Parliament.

The Chartists - British working-class movement, advocated for expanded voting rights and a more democratic government.

The People’s Charter - Document by the Chartists demanding universal male surface, secret ballots, annual MP elections, and removal of property requirements to be an MP.

8: Rise of Mass Politics

Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade - British organization founded in 1787 to lobby and campaign against the transatlantic slave trade.

William Wilberforce - British politician who argued for the abolition of the slave trade and slavery.

Abolition of Slave Trade (1807) - British Parliament ends slave trade across the British Empire.

Great Reform Act of 1832 - Britain expanded electorate to middle class men, new jurisdictions.

Factory Act of 1833 - British law to protect child factory workers. Enforcement issues.

9: Karl Marx and Marxism

Adam Smith - 18th-century Scottish philosopher, father of capitalism → Individuals pursuing self-interests leads to economic prosperity.

The Wealth of Nations (1776) - Adam Smith’s capitalist manifesto, free market and self-interests.

Karl Marx - 19th-century German philosopher, critique of capitalism, history is class struggle for means of production, founded modern socialism and communism. 

Communist Manifesto (1848) - Marx and Engels outline communism, critique capitalism, call working class Proletariat to overthrow capitalist Bourgeoisie.

Scientific Socialism - Marxism, views history and economics as class struggle.

Means of Production - The non-human elements used to create economic value.

Class Struggle/Conflict - Conflict between working class Proletariat and ruling Bourgeoisie over economic power, political power, and social power.

Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat - Modern class struggle as identified by Marx.

“Dictatorship of the Proletariat” - Transitional phase from capitalism and communism, Proletarian seizes means of production. Working class in power.

“Communist Society” - Final form of communism, means of production is collectively owned, society is classless; from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.

10: Revolutions of 1848

Revolutions of 1848 - Widespread liberal and nationalist revolutions across Europe, centered in Germany, Austria, and France against conservative rule. All violently suppressed.

Napoleon III - Emperor of France after the Revolution of 1848 and start of the Second Republic..

Frankfurt Parliament - First elected parliament in 1848 that attempted to form a unified Germany.

11: The Concert of Europe

Congress System - Regularly held meetings between great powers to settle disputes, suppress revolutions, and maintain conservative rule (against Liberalism and Nationalism).

“Concert of Europe” - Diplomatic system established by Metternich to maintain balance of conservative powers against Nationalism and Liberalism.

The “Eastern Question” - European political disputes over the decline of the Ottoman empire.

“Sick man of Europe” - Used to describe the declining Ottoman empire in the 19th century.

Crimean War (1853-56) - Russian attempts to annex Ottoman land in Europe, France and Britain intervene, Austria neutral. Russia loses to a much more advanced military.

Repeats: Metternich, Holy Alliance