AP Euro Unit 7
1: The Haitian Revolution
Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) - Successful slave uprising in the French colony of St. Dominique, establishing the first Black republic. Inspired/possible because of the French Revolution.
Toussaint L’Ouverture - Leader of Haitian Revolution, led nation as anti-colonial absolutist.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines - Haitian Emperor, after L’Ouverture. Anti-colonial absolutist.
2: Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna - Major European powers meet to restore the Balance of Power after the Napoleonic Wars. England, Prussia, Russia, France, Austria.
Prince Clemens von Metternich - Conservative host of the Congress of Vienna. Hatred of revolutions, desired to restore Old Order monarchs and absolutism.
Talleyrand - French diplomat at the Congress of Vienna, won favorable terms for the Bourbon dynasty and France.
Czar Alexander I - Russian emperor, defeated Napoleon, Holy Alliance.
Quadruple Alliance - Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia prevent future French aggression.
Legitimacy - Restoration of monarchies based on established traditions.
Compensation - Agreement to conceded a political goal to leverage a different goal.e
German Confederation - Congress of Vienna attempts to unify Germany, led by Austria.
King Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824) - Bourbon restored to French throne after fall of Napoleon.
“Concert of Europe” - European powers agree to maintain balance of power after Napoleon.
Repeats: Balance of Power
3: Age of Ideologies in Early 19th Century Europe
Conservatism - Political and social philosophy adverse to change. Promotes traditional monarchies, feudalism, and absolutism.
Liberalism - Political ideology based on individual freedoms, government from the consent of the governed. Democracy, free markets, small government.
Nationalism - Political ideology that promotes the self-determination and culture of a nation at all costs under a common identity.
Holy Alliance - Alliance between Austria, Prussia, and Russia to suppress revolutionary movements across Europe after the Napoleonic wars.
4: Europe Industrializes
Consumer Revolution of the 18th Century - Colonial empires and modern manufacturing lead to a drastic increase in consumption of goods across social hierarchies.
Industrial Revolution - Technological and capitalist driven transformation from agricultural to industrial society, starting in Britain. Urbanization and new working class.
Steam Engine - Technology necessary for the Industrial Revolution for transportation (trains) and mechanized manufacturing.
James Watt - Scottish engineer, modern improvements to steam engine.
Textile Industry - Fabric and clothing production, early stages of British industrialization.
Spinning Jenny - Mechanized spinning frame allows one worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously.
Steam Locomotive - Railway powered by steam engines, crucial role of transport during Industrial Revolution.
George Stephenson - Known as the “Father of Railways,” built the first steam locomotive.
5: Effects and Reactions to Industrialization
Manchester - Central hub of British industrialization powered by steam technology. Repressive and volatile working conditions, extreme socioeconomic divide.
Cholera, Typhus, Diphtheria - Infectious bacterial diseases commonly spread by polluted water in industrialized Britain.
“King Cholera” - Personification of urban cholera outbreaks caused by industrialization.
Corn Laws - British tariffs on corn to protect domestic farmers, keeping the price high.
6: Romanticism
Neoclassicism - 18th-century artistic and architectural movement that revitalized Greek and Roman architecture, Enlightenment ideals.
Romanticism - Late 18th-century artistic movement emphasizing the individual, nature, emotional intelligence, nationalism, antithesis of Enlightenment rationalism.
Caspar David Freidrich - German Romantic painter, beauty and expanse of nature.
Wanderer above the Sea Fog (1819) - Romantic painting by Casper David Freiclich emphasizing vastness of nature and individualism.
Eugene Delacroix - French Romantic Painter, emphasis on emotional individualism.
Liberty Leading The People (1831) - Romantic painting by Eugene Delacroix, nationalism, freedom, struggle for liberty.
Joseph Turner - English Romantic Painter, power of nature, focus on light and color.
Rain, Steam, and Speed (1844) - Romantic painting by Joseph Turner, view of future, beauty and vastness of nature.
Lord Byron - English Romantic Poet, themes of individualism, rebellion, and social commentary.
Percy Shelley - English Romantic Poet, themes of individualism, liberty, critiques of power structures.
Mary Shelley - English Romantic Novelist, early science fiction and horror, wrote Frankenstein.
Neo-Gothic/Gothic Revival Architecture - 19th-century Romantic architectural style, intricate details, revival of Medieval past.
Richard Wagner - 19th-century German Romantic composer, German nationalist.
Hegelian Dialectic - Philosophical concept by Georg Wilhem Frederich Hegel. Thesis is challenged by Antithesis, leader to deeper Synthesis (which becomes a new thesis).
Repeats: Jacques-Louis David
7: Class and Lifestyle in the Early 19th Century
Bourgeoisie/Middle Classes - Class that emerged in the transition from feudalism to capitalism, owning the means of production. Merchants, bankers, manufacturers, lawyers, entrepreneurs.
London - Capital city of England, a major center of trade, finance, and culture.
Suburbs - A residential area located on the outskirts of a major city. Lower population density.
“Cult of domesticity” - Gender ideology confining women to the submissive domestic sphere (a “true woman”) and men to the public sphere.
New Poor Law of 1834 - British law establishing workhouses, discouraging government aid unless necessary.
Workhouses - Victorian society viewed laziness as the cause of poverty, poor were housed in extremely harsh conditions as urban populations grew in the Industrial Revolution.
8: Rise of Mass Politics
Peterloo Massacre (1819) - British military charged a large crowd of peaceful protestors in Manchester, many deaths. Extreme tension between Parliament and working class.
Anti Corn-Law League - Movement led by the middle class to lower taxes on imported grain. Took advantage of high prices of working class’s food.
Catholic Association - 19th-century British organization that advocated for rights and freedoms of Catholics, response to predominant Protestantism.
Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) - British law allowing Roman Catholics to hold public office and serve in Parliament.
The Chartists - British working-class movement, advocated for expanded voting rights and a more democratic government.
The People’s Charter - Document by the Chartists demanding universal male surface, secret ballots, annual MP elections, and removal of property requirements to be an MP.
8: Rise of Mass Politics
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade - British organization founded in 1787 to lobby and campaign against the transatlantic slave trade.
William Wilberforce - British politician who argued for the abolition of the slave trade and slavery.
Abolition of Slave Trade (1807) - British Parliament ends slave trade across the British Empire.
Great Reform Act of 1832 - Britain expanded electorate to middle class men, new jurisdictions.
Factory Act of 1833 - British law to protect child factory workers. Enforcement issues.
9: Karl Marx and Marxism
Adam Smith - 18th-century Scottish philosopher, father of capitalism → Individuals pursuing self-interests leads to economic prosperity.
The Wealth of Nations (1776) - Adam Smith’s capitalist manifesto, free market and self-interests.
Karl Marx - 19th-century German philosopher, critique of capitalism, history is class struggle for means of production, founded modern socialism and communism.
Communist Manifesto (1848) - Marx and Engels outline communism, critique capitalism, call working class Proletariat to overthrow capitalist Bourgeoisie.
Scientific Socialism - Marxism, views history and economics as class struggle.
Means of Production - The non-human elements used to create economic value.
Class Struggle/Conflict - Conflict between working class Proletariat and ruling Bourgeoisie over economic power, political power, and social power.
Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat - Modern class struggle as identified by Marx.
“Dictatorship of the Proletariat” - Transitional phase from capitalism and communism, Proletarian seizes means of production. Working class in power.
“Communist Society” - Final form of communism, means of production is collectively owned, society is classless; from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.
10: Revolutions of 1848
Revolutions of 1848 - Widespread liberal and nationalist revolutions across Europe, centered in Germany, Austria, and France against conservative rule. All violently suppressed.
Napoleon III - Emperor of France after the Revolution of 1848 and start of the Second Republic..
Frankfurt Parliament - First elected parliament in 1848 that attempted to form a unified Germany.
11: The Concert of Europe
Congress System - Regularly held meetings between great powers to settle disputes, suppress revolutions, and maintain conservative rule (against Liberalism and Nationalism).
“Concert of Europe” - Diplomatic system established by Metternich to maintain balance of conservative powers against Nationalism and Liberalism.
The “Eastern Question” - European political disputes over the decline of the Ottoman empire.
“Sick man of Europe” - Used to describe the declining Ottoman empire in the 19th century.
Crimean War (1853-56) - Russian attempts to annex Ottoman land in Europe, France and Britain intervene, Austria neutral. Russia loses to a much more advanced military.
Repeats: Metternich, Holy Alliance