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Here are concise, quiz-ready notes from your "Columbus" PowerPoint so you can clearly understand and remember the key points: --- ## 1. Age of Exploration Context Columbus’ voyages created *permanent link** between Europe & the New World. * 4 Key States in Exploration:   * Portugal – Prince Henry, leaders in navigation.   * Spain – Spread Catholicism, seek wealth.   * England – Sir Francis Drake (Sea Dogs).   * France – Cartier & Champlain. --- ## 2. Christopher Columbus Born in *Genoa, Italy**; skilled sailor & navigator. Believed Asia was *2,400 miles west of Europe** (actual \~10,000 miles). Studied geography & pursued monarchs for funding. --- ## *3. Funding & Miscalculation** Rejected multiple times; *1492**: Spain’s Ferdinand & Isabella agreed. Promised to spread *Catholic faith**—appealed to Queen Isabella. * Voyage 1:   3 ships, 90 men.   Left Aug 3, 1492 → Canary Islands → sailed west.   After \~1 month, *Oct 12** spotted land (Bahamas).   Believed he was in India → called natives “Indians”. --- ## *4. First Encounters** Natives: *Tainos**; villages of 100–300. Columbus thought they were easy to convert & enslave. Founded first settlement on Hispaniola (modern Haiti/DR). Returned Jan 1493 with *2 dozen captured natives** → hailed as success in Spain. --- ## 5. Later Voyages & Role as Governor * 2nd voyage: 17 ships, 1,500 men. Native resistance persisted; settlements struggled. Total of 4 voyages. Never set foot in what’s now the U.S. --- ## *6. Legacy & Changing Views** Viewed as great explorer in *late 1800s–early 1900s**. Historian Samuel Eliot Morrison (1941): praised navigation skills, downplayed *cruelty/genocide**. * European diseases decimated natives. --- ## 7. Columbus Day Debate Became U.S. holiday in *1971**; also celebrated Italian-American heritage. By late 20th century, some states replaced with *Indigenous Peoples Day** (CO, HI, AK, MN, SD, NM, VT, ME). --- ## 8. Other Explorers * Ponce de Leon: first European to land in present-day U.S. (1513, after Puerto Rico). --- Here are condensed, quiz-ready notes from your "America in 1491" PowerPoint, organized so you can quickly understand and remember the key ideas: --- ## 1. Age of Exploration Context Before Columbus (pre-1492), millions of Native Americans lived across what is now the U.S. Population estimate: 2–10 million. Organized into *tribes** based on region and resources. --- ## 2. Common Traits of Tribes * Lifestyle tied to local resources:   Example: *Makah (Pacific Northwest)** → whaling, fishing.   * “Fish” and “food” were the same word in Makah language. * Tribal independence, but shared cultural patterns. --- ## 3. Iroquois Confederacy Union of *five tribes**: Cayuga, Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga. Located along *St. Lawrence River** (modern NY + Canada). Governed by a *Council of Fifty**. * Women held key leadership roles. * Food/clothing: hunted deer for venison; deerskin for clothing. --- ## 4. Pueblo Indians Lived in *Southwest**. Staples: *Maize** (corn) and buffalo. Adapted to arid climate with irrigation and farming. --- ## *5. Land Views Conflict** * Native Americans: land was for common good, shared use. * Europeans/Americans: land was private property. These differences caused repeated conflicts. Quote from Sauk Chief Black Hawk:   “The Great Spirit gave it to his children to live upon… they have a right to the soil.”