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Endogenic Process is a geological process that was formed, originated, and located below the surface of the Earth.
Endogenic Process involves geologic activities such as tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities, and magmatism.
HOW IS MAGMA FORMED? Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special locations deep in the crust or in the upper mantle. Magma forms from the partial melting of mantle rocks. Rocks undergo partial melting because the minerals that compose them melt at different temperatures. Pressure increases with depth as a result of the increased weight of the overlying rock.
According to Bayoang(2016), the two main mechanisms through which rocks melt are decompression melting and flux melting.
DECOMPRESSION MELTING takes place within Earth when a body of rock is held at approximately the same temperature but the pressure is reduced.
FLUX MELTING happens if a rock is close to its melting point and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the melting temperature is reduced and partial melting starts.
As the magma moves toward the surface, and especially when it moves from the mantle into the lower crust, it interacts with the surrounding rock.
At a very high temperature (over 1300° C), most magmas are entirely liquid because there is too much energy for the atoms to bond together.
As the temperature drops, usually because magma is slowly movng upward, things start to change. Silicon and oxygen combine to form silica tetrahedra, and then, as cooling continues, the tetrahedra start to link together to make chains (polymerize). These silica chains have the important effect of making the magma more viscous (less runny) and magma viscosity has significant implications for more explosive volcanic eruptions. As the magma continues to cool, crystal start to form.
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER MAGMA IS FORMED?
According to Cuarto (2016), magma escaped in two forms that are Intrusion and Extrusion.
INTRUSION is magma that moves up into a volcano without erupting
PLUTONISM
- refers to all sorts of igneous geological activities taking place below the Earth’s surface.
- In cases where magma infiltrates the Earth’s crust but fails to make it to the surface, the process of magma differentiation gives birth to ideal conditions for metallogenesis.
- This is the exact process that gives birth to magma, when the presence of various oxides, fluorine, sulfur, and chlorine compounds that are necessary for the creation of magma is guaranteed.
The solidification and crystallization of magma takes place mainly inside the Earth’s interior.
EXTRUSION is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth. Magma extrusion causes the formation of volcanoes when the gas pressure is strong enough and there are cracks in the Earth’s crust.
Eruption – magma that come out to the surface of the Earth
Lava – magma that came to the surface of the Earth
VOLCANISM – is used to described all geological phenomena that occurs on the natural terrestial surface, such as the creation of vocanoes ad hot springs. (Grotzinger, 2008)
Volcanoes are created and formed when the energy generated by inductive currents flowing from the Earth’s core towards the surface hits the upper layers in the form of pressure and smashes the overlying rock formations.
The presence of dilated water vapor plays an important role in the creation of craters by assisting the flow of magma towards the surface.
Molten material in the form of lava that undergoes the process of crystallization on the natural terrestrial surface gives birth to rock formations known as Volcanites.
Volcanites are composed of gray, dull pink colored track basaltic lava with large phenocrysts and pyroclastic.