AP Psych Unit 2

Unit 2 - Study Guide


2.1a: Factors Influencing Perception

Bottom Up Processing

Top Down Processing

Grouping

Perceptual constancy

Perceptual adaptation

Selective attention

Inattentional blindness

Change blindness

2.1b Perception: Structuring and Understanding Reality

Perceptual set

Schema

Gestalt Principals

Figure-ground

Visual cliff

Depth perception

Binocular cues

  • Retinal disparity

  • Convergence

Monocular cues

  • Relative Size

  • Texture Gradient 

  • Linear Perspective

  • Interposition

Perceptual Constancies

  • Shape Constancy

  • Size Constancy

  • Color Constancy

Apparent Movement

  • Stroboscopic movement

  • Phi phenomenon

Autokinetic effect

2.2d Cognition: Thinking and Problem Solving

Cognition

Metacognition

Concept

Prototype

Cognition Chart (Notebook)

  • Algorithm

  • Heuristic

  • Representativeness heuristic

  • Availability heuristic

  • Fixation

  • Confirmation bias

  • Overconfidence

  • Belief perseverance

  • Creativity

  • Framing

  • Insight

  • Intuition

Flashbulb memory

Jean Piaget

Assimilation

Accommodation

Convergent thinking

Divergent thinking

Executive functions

Priming

Mental set

2.3a Memory: Introduction to Memory

Memory

Recall

Recognition

Relearning

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Encoding

Sensory memory

Short-term memory

Long-term memory

Working memory

Visuospatial sketchpad

Central executive

Phonological loop

Key Contributors to Memory

  • Wolfgang Kohler

Long-term potentiation

Iconic memory

Echoic memory

2.4 Memory: Encoding Memory

Chunking

Mnemonics

Spacing effect

Testing effect

Shallow processing

Deep processing

Hippocampus

Memory consolidation

2.5 Memory: Storing Memories

Explicit memory

  • Semantic memory

  • Episodic memory

Implicit memory

Autobiographical Memory

2.6 Memory: Retrieving Memories

Mood-congruent memory

Serial position effect

2.7 Memory: Forgetting and Challenges

Anterograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Proactive interference

Retroactive interference

Repression

Reconsolidation

Elizabeth Loftus

Misinformation effect

Source amnesia

2.8a Intelligence: Theories of Intelligence

Intelligence

Charles Spearman

  • General intelligence (g)

Factor analysis

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory

  • Fluid intelligence (Gf)

  • Crystallized intelligence (Gc)

Robert Sternberg

  • Triarchic Theory

Howard Gardner and L.L. Thurstone

  • Multiple Intelligences

Savant syndrome

Grit

Emotional intelligence

2.8b Assessing Intelligence

Intelligence test

Types of Tests

  • Achievement test

  • Aptitude test

  • Stanford-Binet

  • Intelligence quotient (IQ)

  • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Contributors

  • Francis Galton

  • Alfred Binet

  • Lewis Terman

  • David Wechsler

Assessment elements

  • Psychometrics

  • Mental age

  • Validity

  • Content validity

  • Construct validity

  • Predictive validity

  • Types of Study

    • Cross-sectional study

    • Longitudinal study

    • Cohort

  • Standardization

  • Normal curve

  • Reliability

2.8c Intelligence: Stability of and Influences on Intelligence

Nah

2.8d Intelligence: Group Differences and Questions of Bias

Stereotype threat

Flynn Effect

Most Frequent Questions:

  1. Principles of Perception 

  • Form perception principles

  • Depth perception principles

  • Motion perception principles

  • Color constancy

  • Perceptive interpretation and adaptation

  1. Intelligence 

  • Types of intelligence

    • Analytic

    • Creative

    • Practical

  • Theories of Intelligence

    • Spearman General Intelligence

    • Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC)

    • Thurstone's primary mental abilities

    • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

    • Sternberg's Triarchic

  • How intelligence is measured

  • Factors contributing to intelligence

  1. Memory Processes & Types 

  • LTM, STM, Sensory Memory, & Working Memory - types + examples

  • Implicit vs. Explicit - locations and functions (provide examples)

  • Encoding, Retrieval, Storage - describe each stage

  • Recall, recognition, relearning

  1. Forgetting and Memory Construction 

  • Types of amnesia

  • Ways memory fail

  • Misinformation Effect vs. Imagination Effect

  • False vs Real Memories - how do we differentiate if at all?

  1. Cognition and Thinking 

  • Principles of cognition - see chart

  • Divergent vs convergent thinking