Global 9 Honors Final Exam Flashcards

Major Characteristics: Understanding the shift from nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities.
- Development of agriculture and domestication of animals.
- Permanent settlements and the rise of villages and later cities.
- Surplus of food leading to population growth and specialization of labor.

Achievements: Key innovations and advancements made by Mesopotamian civilizations.
- Development of writing (cuneiform).
- The wheel, irrigation systems, and advancements in mathematics and astronomy.
- Complex legal systems, such as Hammurabi's Code.

A comprehensive set of laws enacted in ancient Mesopotamia.
- One of the earliest known written legal codes.
- Known for its principle of "an eye for an eye", establishing specific punishments for various crimes.

Geography: The influence of the Nile River on Egyptian civilization.
- The Nile provided fertile soil for agriculture, transportation, and a source of water.
- The desert surrounding Egypt provided a natural barrier against invaders.

Caste System: The social hierarchy in ancient India.
- A rigid social structure divided into four main classes (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras) with the addition of the Untouchables.
- Determined social status, occupation, and interactions between people.

A major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia.
- Belief in reincarnation, karma, and dharma.
- Worship of multiple gods and goddesses, with Brahman as the ultimate reality.

A religion and philosophy based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha).
- Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means to achieve enlightenment and end suffering.
- Rejection of the caste system and emphasis on personal spiritual development.

Confucianism: A philosophy and ethical system that has influenced Chinese culture and society.
- Emphasis on filial piety, respect for elders, and social harmony.
- Importance of education, moral values, and the role of government in promoting a just society.

Democracy: The development of democratic principles in ancient Athens.
- Direct democracy where citizens participated directly in decision-making.
- Concept of citizenship and the rights and responsibilities of citizens.

Republic: The Roman Republic and its system of government.
- Representative government with elected officials (senators and consuls).
- Concept of checks and balances to prevent abuse of power.
Fall of the Empire: Factors that led to the decline and fall of the Roman Empire.
- Political instability, economic problems, and social unrest.
- Invasions by barbarian tribes (Visigoths, Huns, etc.).

Feudalism: The social and political system in medieval Europe.
- Hierarchical structure with kings, nobles, and vassals.
- Land ownership in exchange for military service and loyalty.
Role of the Church: The influence of the Catholic Church in medieval society.
- The Church as a major landowner, political power, and center of learning.
- The Pope as the head of the Church and spiritual leader of Western Europe.
Crusades: Religious wars between Christians and Muslims.
- European Christians aimed to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control.
- Impact on trade, cultural exchange, and relations between Europe and the Middle East.
Plague: The Black Death, a devastating pandemic that swept through Europe.
- Spread by fleas on rats, causing widespread death and social disruption.
- Economic and social consequences, including labor shortages and decline in population.

Justinian Code: A comprehensive legal code compiled under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I.
- Codification of Roman law that influenced legal systems in Europe.
- Included laws on various aspects of life, such as property, contracts, and family law.

Impact: The Mongol Empire and its influence on Eurasia.
- Largest contiguous land empire in history, facilitating trade and cultural exchange.
- Military tactics, such as horsemanship and siege warfare.

Major characteristics: The core beliefs and practices of Islam.
- Belief in one God (Allah) and the teachings of the Quran.
- Five Pillars of Islam: Shahada (faith), Salat (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting), and Hajj (pilgrimage).
Spread of Islam: The expansion of Islam from its origins in Arabia.
- Military conquests, trade, and missionary activities.
- Establishment of Islamic empires in the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain.
Achievements of Islamic Empires: Contributions of Islamic civilization in various fields.
- Mathematics (algebra, trigonometry), astronomy, medicine, and literature.
- Preservation of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.

3 major kingdoms: Key characteristics and achievements of major African kingdoms.
- Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in West Africa.
- Great Zimbabwe in Southern Africa.
Gold/Salt trade: The economic importance of the gold and salt trade in West Africa.
- Ghana and Mali controlled the trade routes and taxed the gold and salt trade.
- Salt was a valuable commodity used for preserving food.

Feudalism: The feudal system in Japan.
- Emperor, Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, and Peasants.
- Similar to European feudalism with lords and vassals.
Shintoism: The indigenous religion of Japan.
- Worship of spirits (kami) and reverence for nature and ancestors.
- Emphasis on purity and ritual practices.

Humanism: A philosophical and intellectual movement that emphasized human potential and achievement.
- Focus on classical Greek and Roman learning and values.
- Emphasis on individual worth, reason, and the study of humanities.
Art: The artistic achievements of the Renaissance.
- Realism, perspective, and the use of oil paints.
- Famous artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

Ideas: Key ideas and discoveries of the Scientific Revolution.
- Heliocentric theory (Copernicus, Galileo).
- Laws of motion and gravity (Newton).
- Scientific method (Bacon, Descartes).

Ideas of Martin Luther: The teachings of Martin Luther that sparked the Protestant Reformation.
- Criticism of the Catholic Church's practices, such as indulgences.
- Emphasis on salvation through faith alone and the authority of the Bible.