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Rome flashcards

ROME NOTES

LESSON 1

Romulus and Remus

753 BCE: two twin brothers. Father was MARS. King thought they were a threat to the throne. Saved by Tyberinus god of the river. When they became adults, they disagreed on what hill to make the city on. Romulus wanted to make it on Palatine Hill and Remus. They ended up in a fistfight. Romulus wins and Rome is named after him. It is in Italy.

Terrain and other stuff I don't know how to classify

Natural Defence
Tiber River
- Plays a big part in Rome
- Transport agriculture.
Fertile Land
Attraction
Transportation
Rome’s ground forces were one of the best
Apennines are mountains. Separates north and south.
Rome is 15 miles inland from the ocean
Rome became the most popular trade route because of the Tiber River.
When the Tiber River flooded Rome, it produced very fertile soil. There are also tons of volcanos near Rome.
They were overproducing and traded.
Welcomed foreigners
Rome sits in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea.
It is compared with Greece.
- (THEY ARE WAY DIFFERENT)

SEVEN HILLS!!

Palatino (Palatine)
- Main sight today
- Romulus wanted to build Rome here.
Aventino (Aventine)
- Remus wanted to build Rome here.
- Poor people lived here.
Campidoglio (Capitoline)
- The epicenter of the Roman Empire
Quirinale (Quirinal)
- Favorite spot
Viminale (Viminal)
- Just kinda there
Esquilino (Esquilino)
- Houses museums, tours, etc
- A mix of social classes
Celio (Carlian)
- Colliceum

Group and where they settled

Etruscans
- Native to Northern Italy
- Don’t know much about them except were enemies with the Greeks and Latins
Greeks
- Colonized Southern Italy in Sicily
Latins
- Built the Original settlement at Rome
- Spoke Spanish
- Latins built the original settlement at Rome.
Some other ones are the Kelts, Umbrians, Samnites, Messapians, italiotes, Carthaginians, and Sardinians).
Kelts
- Set up territory in modern-day Switzerland

SOCIAL CLASSES

Better
Patricians
- Rich
Plebeians
- Ordinary (average) people
- Born a Plebeian, stay a Plebeians
- They were not allowed to marry Patricians

Republic and Democracy

Rome was a kingdom; the king ruled for their entire lives.
Democracy chooses a leader and the votes everything
The praticians could vote. (NO ONE ELSE)
- Only people who were born to the original tribe could vote.
- They had to be 15+ and a male.
- HAd first branches of government

Senate

Only people born to the original tribe could vote. Branches of Government: They had the Senate and a Consul. The senate helped the king rule. The Senate was originally 100 people and over time it grew to around 300. There are only two consuls.
Senators when in were there forever.
CAVEAT
- When there was war, they could get one of the consuls could be a dictator.

When plebians got the right to vote, one had to be a consul.
Senators passed laws
Tributes could strike it down

Eventually when the plebeians got their rights; one of the consuls had to be a plebe. Because of some protests; the tribunes were made. The tribunes confirmed laws.

Rome influenced the US government a lot.

LESSON 2

The Roman kingdom was from 753 Bce - 509 Bce. 7 kings ruled in the Roman kingdom. They did not use any military force to keep their land.

Romulus
- Romulus created most of Rome’s political society and most of Rome’s political areas.
Numus
- Numa helped make Rome’s mythology. Numa married romulus’ son. The Romans thought of Numa as a staple of wisdom. Numa added January and February to the Roman calendar. There were not many wars during Numa’s era.
Tullus
- Tullus saw the peace and he was like “NAW THIS IS TOO PEACEFUL” so he made it violent.
- Population grew.
- He reigned for 31 years.
- Many reasons for death.
  - He got struck by lightning by Jupiter
  - He died from the plague.
Ancus
- Ancus marcius was born in 678 Bce. and died in 616 bce.
- His first act as king was to make the religion shared across the country.
- Peaceful and religious leader.
- Grandson of Numa.
- Prioritized defense rather than offense.
- Started infrastructure.
  - Built bridges.
  - Died of natural causes after 25 years of reigning.
Tarquinius Priscus
- 5 King of Rome
- Helped the people of Rome by making them all rich.
- Enhanced Rome's spiritual identity
- Brother hit me with an ax.
- Was an immigrant
- Ancus adopted Tarquinius.
Servius Tullius
- Started as a slave
- Created Serbian constitution
- Created serving wall
- Roman senses
- Assassinated by daughter
- Built walls around all the hills
- Married his daughter
Tarquilius Superbus
- Last king of Rome
- He was exiled after his son raped someone.
- He was the most tyrannical of the kings.
- He was like “I dOnT cARE aOUT thE sEnAte. I’m just better”

Roman Republic 509-27 BCE

The conflict of Orders - lasted 200 years.
Half population left Rome
Lex Canuleia was passed – permitting Plebians and Patritians to get married

Quintus Hortentius

Plebian Dictator
Quintus Hontentius was a plebeian dictator. The plebes elected this person to be the leader. He passed laws called Cortentian laws. He made the system where one of the consuls had to be a plebe. He added the tribunes.
The sacking of Rome lasted for 15 years. It was 387 BCE.

Brennis

A tribe led by Brennus invaded northern Italy and Rome. He is part of the Gaelic tribe that originated in Rome. He led the battle of Alia which won against Rome. He died in battle.

Saminite War

Samnite Wars happens after the sacking of Rome. The Samnite was from something 343 bce to 341
Rome fought all at once.
They fought the Latins, Campanians, and the Samnites
Campanians were fighting Samnites.
The second Samnite War is also known as the Great War.
Rome attempted to colonize a territory that was Samnite territory
They defeat the Samnites.
There was a third Samnite but it wasn’t too notable.

Punic War #1

At the start of the first Punic War (264-241 BCE), Rome had pretty much taken all of modern-day Italy.
Carthaginians were better at water
Rome was better on land
They fought the Carthaginians. Carthage was Rome’s rival during the 1st punic war. The first Punic War lasted for 23 years.

The Second Punic War

Hannibal
- General
- Good Carthegenian Leader
- Romans were scared of Elephants
Rome sent Sipio to Carthage

Archimedes

Had shields that could reflect the sun and burn down ships.
- HA that is only a myth (or something I think)

Third Punic War

So first…there 50 years of peace (YAY)
Rome wasn’t satisfied (BRU-)
Kato was a senator and he said CARTHAGE MUST BE DeStRoYEd
Rome was like gimme 300 children
Carthage was like um sure ok
Rome and Carthage go to war
Carthage was demolished.

Because of all the free labor; the state ended up buying farms and having slaves work on them. Those slaves don't have homes now.

Tiberius

There are now poor people
Tiberius and some senators came up with Lex Agraria. (I THINK)

Julius `Caesar

First roman Dictator
Assassinated on March 15.
It is possible that he had a child with Cleopatra (um)
Stabbed like 23 times, which killed him. (that’s tough)

LESSON 3

Julius Caesar

He was born on July 12 100 BCE; he grew up in the turmoil
His father was a governor in Asia and when he died Julius inherited all the land.
He marries the daughter of a nobleman
Rome had a dictator and did not like Julius marrying her.
Caesar was like “No LoVe hER”
Julius fled Rome to pursue military
When Caesar went to go to the military he wanted to go to the atlantic sea. Caesar fought on the front line. After some time he went to go to the way with Britain.
Julius was like “iMa ConQueRE tHE WORLD HAR”
Pirates kidnapped Julius (tough luck)
The pirates made Rome pay for him back.
This happened in 83 BCE I think..
He returned to Rome as the king who made him give up his land had died. They elected Caesar as a consul.
He teams with Crassus and Pompey.
They are called something.
Oh it's called a trio ok.
It is called the First Triumvirate
- Pompey had a lot of connections
- Crassus was just wealthy
- Caesar and Pompey had skills
Caesar and Pompey didn’t like each other but they made a really good team.
Pompey started growing very envious. They met in 66 BCE. Crassus was allowed to rule Syria, Caesar was allowed to rule the whole thing pretty much, and Pompey ruled Spain and Gaul.
3 years in Crassus got in battle and died.
He died from melted gold being poured down his throat.
The triumvirate is now a duo.
Pompey starts becoming suspicious of Caesar.
Pompey comes back to Rome.
Pompey flees.
Pompey tries to backstab Caesar.
This started a civil war and became the Caesar followers vs you know already.
Pompey fled from Rome.
A lot of the senators started to suspect Caesar.
Pompey actually fled to Egypt.
Caesar defeats Pompey in 41 BCE.
The Egyptians kill Pompey.
Caesar was upset because he wanted the 1 vs 1.
Caesar demands a meeting with a nobleperson in Egypt. This person was Cleopatracleopatre. They have a child together (
They named him dictator for life.
But… they don't do that
So he did a lot of cool things
He did….stuff
He resurrected Carthage and made it into Rome’s city.
He does become a dictator for life.
The Senate does NOT like this… Brutus is good friends with Caesar but he is convinced to kill Caesar with a lot of money.
Brutus calls him to come to Caesar.
60 senators conspired to kill Caesar.
Caesar is allegedly stabbed 23 times. Julius Caesar’s last words were “Et tu, Brutus?”
The people in Rome are like “No”
After Caesar died, Rome was in chaos.
After he dies, he wills everything.
There was a new trio: Lepidus, Antony, and Octavian.
When Julius died; he wills all of his titles and all of that to Octavian.
Antony starts falling in love with Cleopatra.
They all turn on each other
Octavius is now the First Citizen
Idk why i have this on here
- Brutus
- Cassius
- Lepidus
- Antony
- Octavian
When Julius died; he wills all of his titles and all of that to Octavian. Antony starts falling in love with Cleopatra.
Differences start to emerge in the trio. Antony leaves for Egypt.
Someone kills Lepidus in battle.
Octavian starts going after Antony.
Octavian has all of Caesar army and battles Antony.
Octavian’s navy kills Antony’s navy in 31 BCE.
Cleopatra and Antony kill themself.
He calls himself “the first citizen” instead of a dictator.
Agustus is a title bestowed on Octavian by the Senate.
Agustus is a sort of heavenly title.
The Roman Empire starts.
The first emperor of it is Agustus.
Caligula was the emperor after Augustus and he was mentally unstable.
He eliminated taxes.
He made the gladiator games free.
He began two major construction projects on aqueducts. Caligula went to war with the sea.

LESSON 4

The Andabata
- The blind warrior
- Weapons
  - Swords or clubs
- A helmet that covered their faces so the warrior was blind
Bestarius
- Specialized u fighting wild animals
- Weapons
  - Light warriors (swords or trident
- Fought lions, bears, tigers, etc.
Cestus
- Specialized in hand-to-hand combat
- Weapons
  - Cestus (boxing glove with mods)
- Gloves were outfitted with nails, spikes, etc.
Crupellarius
- Heavily armored
- Weapons
  - Thick, heavy armor made him resistant to attacks
- Focused on defensive tactics
Wawa catDimachaerus
- Highly aggressive, mobile, and swift
- Weapons
  - Dual wielded swords
- Wore wawa catslight armor to move quicker
Eques
- Rode on horses during battle
- Weapons
  - Spear and javelin
- Often fought other eques and was seen as the warmup to games
Gallus
- Names after Gauls - the earliest form of gladiator
- Weapons
  - Long sword
  - Precursor for other more common styles

Gladiatrix

Female gladiators
Weapons swords, daggers, and spears
they fought animals and or criminals.

dent
- Inspired by Greek soldiers
- Weapons
  - Long spears
- Minimal armor for quicker movements
Murmillo
- Most iconic and heavily armed gladiators
- Weapons
  - Short sword
- Relied on strength and endurance
Parmularius
- Emphasized quick moves over heavy defense
- Weapons
  - Small shield and short swords
- Provided high energy
Provacator
- More traditional and heavily armed
- Weapons
  - Short sword and large shields
  - Engaged in high-energy fights
Retiarius
- Emphasized speed and mobility
- Weapons
  - Trident and a net to capture foes
- Minimal armor and often seen as the underdog
Sagittarius
- Specialized in archery
- Weapons
  - Bow and arrow on horseback
- One of the few range fighters in ancient Rome
Samnites
- Reflected style of Samnites
- Weapons
  - A short sword and a large shield
- Heavily armored and aggressive
Scissor
- Weapon
  - A large, bladed weapon like a scissor
- Focused on cutting/trapping
Secutor
- Known as the Follower
- Weapons
  - Helmet, shield, and short sword
- The primary focus was closing the gap between him and his opponent
Tharex
- Weapon
  - Large shield and longsword that were curved
- Balanced fighter but skilled in close combat

LESSON 599+

Titus killed a ton of people basically
People loved gore in the Colosseum
- All would perish by Rome
- Rome grew. Or something
- 146 BCE conquered Carthage
- They had slaves in Rome
- The number of slaves had a huge impact
- Sold 10,000 slaves a day or something
- The peasants were being driven off
- Rich farm owners had thousands of slaves in some cases
- Wool was a big part of Rome because clothes yk
- As Rome grew so did the gap between the rich and poor
- The city grew to around 1,000,000 people
- Rome was the greatest importer of the time
- The contrast between the rich and poor was shocking
- Rome devoured 400,000 tons of grain per year
- If you were rich Rome was…Rome (idk it just said that)
- Rome needed 150 thousand tons of…I forgot
- Rome's exports were bad
- Rome spread Latin throughout places and their currency also did
- All of Rome was pretty alike
- Rome succeeded in spreading images of Rome throughout the country
- Key mentum was the first true concrete
  - This is why much of Rome is still standing today
- Romans built cities in a very organized way
- Gladiators were there to flex, to be honest
- David potter
- Gladiators fought Lions, tigers, and bears
- And midday the cooked criminals
- Poor people could also enjoy gladiator battles

LESSON 6

Law in ancient Rome

Customary laws: are not written anywhere and are just known.
The laws were inherited; they were passed down.
This is not the best though because they can be changed. They can be unfair because of their wealth.
Plebians rebelled against this.
When you write down laws,
Pontiffs were patricians who had judgment about punishments.
10 people called decemiurs were a group that went to Greece to study them and they stole their ideas.
They wrote the 12 tables
- A law
- “If someone places a curse on someone’s crops, they will be crucified”
They originally made the 12 tables. If they had a law not written down they would refer back to the customary laws.
They put the 12 tables in the center of Rome so people could see the laws. The original tablets were destroyed in the 4th BCE when to Celtics came in.
If there was a dispute → court
3 courts
- Popular
  - Over 3 days, the court would…happen
  - The person accused had to defend themselves.
  - At the end of 1, the punishment would be decided.
After three days, if the court says that he is not guilty that means they are not guilty. If the public says that the punishment is too harsh one day wins and the public says it’s too harsh then the next day the punishment will be less harsh.
The problem was that it was all in the hands of one person.
At this time, Rome was HUGE
When Rome conquers, they offer a choice. “Live anD JoiN uS! Or DIE”
Plaintiff is the accuser
- Jury Courts
  - 3 people
    - Plaintiff
    - Magistrate
    - Defendant
  - 4 people
  - Prosecution,
    - Plaintiff lawyer
  - citizen jury,
    - No bias
  - The Judge
  - The Defense
- Lawyers are known as jurists
- Jury courts were very popular and were often better
- When Agustus takes over, he creates:
- Emperor’s Courts
  - Normally decided by an important person.
  - 3 people
    - Plaintiff
    - Imperial Judge
    - Defendant
    - This is based on fact.
    - Positives:
      - Less public opinion
      - Fairer
    - Negative
      - Mostly patrician
      - Based on ONE PERSON

LESSON 7

Pax Romana = roman peace
Peace for us = no war
Peace for Romans = opponents had lost the ability to fight.
Pax Romana was from 27 BCE - 180 CE
The empire expanded; the Romans had relative stability
Chain for succession
Augustus
- Was the first Emperor of Rome
- Rome was REALLY big.
- The marker for 27 was the battle of Actium.
- Augustus is known for getting the two sides together
- They were really greedy and were bloodthirsty
- Augustus convinced the Romans that they were going to grow as the Romans and that peacetime was gonna far outnumber the time of war.
- Augustus passes laws from 30-2 BCE
- He is taking the power from the Senate
- The Senate was like “Let's just let him have power bc he looks logical”
- Roads let the empire travel to places.
- Peacetime didn't mean that they didn't fight
- They created buffer states
- The Parthian Empire is located in Southwest Asia
- Rome was like let us conquer buffer states so they make space
Tiberius Caesar
- The step-son of Augustus
- 14-7 CE
- One of the greatest Roman generals
- He was able to conquer Pannonia, Dalmatia; they have complete control of the Adriatic sea
- He protects Rome even more
- He conquers a little of Germany
Caligula
- Followed Tiberius
- He took from the Persian king Xerxes a bridge, the floating bridge connected one of the ports of Rome to a major city
Claudius
- First emperor that was born outside of Rome
- 41-54 CE
- He had a limp
- He tried to invade the UK
- Waged war with the Sea (that's kinda stupid)
- Sent 40,000 troops and they took the southern half of the island in 16 days. 20 navy and 20 ground
- By 47 CE they had conquered half of Britain
Nero
- He sucks
- 54-63 CE
- Some people believed that his mother poisoned Claudius
- He wasn't bad at first
- He focused on trade, games, blah blah blah
- The senators are kinda trying to get a little more power
- He starts killing senators, people, rivals, yap yap yap
- The Senate is kinda there
- THE GREAT FIRE OF ROME HAHAHA HAHAHAj ajaajajjajajajaajjajajajajajajajaajjajaajajjaajajajjaajajajajajjaajjajaaajjajajajja
- Last 6 days
- Rome had 14 district
- 100’s died, 1000’s homeless
- Nero didn't like Christianity
- He started the fire to stop the local Christian
- Nero was starting to get more hated
- They were rebuilding the city but they needed money to do this.
- Nero is declared a public enemy
- Nero goes back to Rome
- He receives word that the Senate is going to get beat to death
- His guard kills him
Flavian Dynasty
After Nero dies, Civil war breaks out
69 CE
30 years with three rulers. During this dynasty, massive building projects come. Rome is in shambles.
The Flavian amphitheater is built. The Colosseum is built which is known as the Flavian amphitheater.
They sieged Jerusalem.
Augustus 24 79 CE. Mount Pompeii erupts. Thousands of citizens are killed.
Everything was mummified
New discoveries are still being made
5 good emperors
- Good people FYI
- After the Emperors everything goes bad
- Trajan was the 2nd of the 5
- He provided the biggest expansion in Rome’s history
- He covered 2.3 million square miles
- Commodus
  - He takes over the last Marcus Aurelius
  - 180 CE
  - He just watched Gladiator games
  - He won 12,000 contests in the Arena
  - He tried to

The series of protests in which the poor citizens organized and succeeded from Rome to gain a voice in new laws being created was called Conflict of Orders
The Apennines are the group of Mountains that split Italy in half from north to south
Stops a law from happening: Veto
The Gracchus Brothers supported the plebians
Julius Caesar was the first Dictator