Untitled Flashcards Set

Flexion: Movement that decreases a joint angle
• Extension: Movement that straightens a joint angle
• Abduction: Movement of a body part away from the midline
• Adduction: Movement towards the midline
• Elevation: Raises a body part vertically
• Depression: Lowers a body part vertically
• Protraction: Movement of a body part forward in the horizontal plane
• Retraction: Movement of a body position backwards on the horizontal plane
• Circumduction: Movement of an appendage in a cone shape (circle)
• Rotation: Bone turns around a fixed axis
• Supination: Seen by the foot and forearm that turns the foot or arm over to
move palm “up”
• Pronation: Seen in foot or forearm to move palm facing backwards or
downward

Ball and Socket Joints: have a “ball” that fits into a “socket” to allow unidirectional
movement. You find this type of joint in the shoulder and hip.
• Condylar Joint: These have an oval surface that fits into a corresponding depression on
another bone. These joints can move in two planes. An example is the bones of the wrist.
• Saddle Joints: These bones have a saddle-like appearance that allows for biaxial movement.
The thumb is an example of this type of joint that allows you to grasp a tool or pencil.
• Plane (gliding) Joints: These bones have flat surfaces and have limited movements
compared to the others. The joints between the carpal bones are these type.
• Hinge Joints: These joints have one bone that “hinges” into another. This allows for
movement in one direction. The elbow is an example of this joint. You can’t move your
elbow side-to-side, only in one direction.
• Pivot Joints: The bone spins on its longitudinal axis to that it only moves in one direction.
The radioulnar joint at the elbow and the connection between the atlas and axis in the neck
are two examples.

Synostosis: Occurs when the gap between bones ossifies to form basically one
bone so that there is no movement.
• Synarthrosis: Bones are connected by strands of collagen fibers allowing for
very limited movement.
• Amphiarthrosis: Bones are joined by a pad of cartilage (hyaline cartilage) that
allows for some movement or compression
• Diarthrotic joints: Where there is a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
between the skeletal elements. Free-moving joints have this classification

Bony joint (synostosis): Occurs when the gap between bones ossifies to form
basically one bone.
• Fibrous Joints (synarthrosis): Bones are connected by strands of collagen
fibers.
• Cartilaginous Joints (amphiarthrosis): Bones are joined by a pad of cartilage
(hyaline cartilage) that allows for some movement or compression

K. McDaniel, WKU modified 2020
• Synovial Joints (diarthrotic joints): Where there is a joint cavity filled with
synovial fluid between the skeletal elements. Free moving joints have this
classification.