Revolutions
American Revolution
What happened?
13 colonies belonging to Britain settle in North America separate and become U.S.A
Relationship to Enlightenment Ideals: Thomas Jefferson 3 other colonists supported Enlightenment philosophies like John Locke's "natural rights" 3 "consent of the governed" & to rebel against unfair governments.
Revolutionary War: Military aspect of revolution
When did the first fight happen? New culture started growing as colonists separated themselves from England British army tries to confiscate colonist military supplies/guns in Concord causing the first battle in Revolutionary War in Lexington and Concord
French and Indian War: Dispute between France & England that forced many colonist to fight for the sake of the king. Which was controversial as the colonies were trying to seperate themselves from Britain & the monarchy.
How did that affect colonies? War caused heavy financial burden on the people of the colonies, King George accused colonies of starting the war when they settled outside the U.K. and made them pay tax to the English government.Forcing colonies to support/pay a government that they hated,
Proclamation of 1763: Agreement at end of 7 years' war prohibiting colonists from settling past Appalachian Mountains. Which upset colonists already settled in those regions.
Quartering Act of 1765: Act to Keep cost low in future wars made England that ordered colonists to house 3 feed British soldiers. Colonist hated that too
Stamp Act of 1765: Tax on all printed materials (stamps, paper, exc...) to pay for British debt.
Colonist hated this so they boycotted, arguing they were taxed too heavily and did not represent strong enough politically.
Boston Massacre of 1770: Confrontation between colonists and British soldiers in the streets of Boston that became violent. British soldiers shot colonists (5 dead, 6 injured) this caused a spike in colonists' distrust/resentment towards soldiers.
Boston Tea Party: A small group of colonist dressed ass Native Americans, went on a British cargo ship, and dumped all it's tea into the Boston Harbor as a way of protest.
Cause of Boston Tea Party? 2 years before the Revolutionary War, the English government increased tea taxes. Colonists, who still had no representation in parliament, were livid
Intolerable Acts of 1774: Series of laws restricting colonists in/out of Boston, 1 law restricted Bostoners from holding town meetings and another forced them to close the harbor.
New culture started growing as colonists separated themselves from England British army tries to confiscate colonist military supplies/guns in Concord This sparked the first battle in Revolutionary War in Lexington $ Concord
John Locke: Enlightenment philosopher who argued "natural rights". He had a large impact on U.S. founders
Thomas Jefferson: 1 of America's Founding Fathers, was greatly impacted by Enlightenment, known for impact on Declaration of Independence
Battle of Saratoga in 1777: Turning point in war. France aided the U.S.A.
1781: British forces surrendered to George Washington during
Battle of Yorktown
Treaty of Paris: Treaty signed in 1783 by U.S & British reps officially ending war 3 recognizing U.S. independence
In 1781: U.S. A. created a constitution which was heavily influenced by Enlightenment philosophy. Especially Montesqiev's separation of powers.
When was the bill of rights created? December 15, 1791
American Revolution ironically didn't make much social change
The Revolution heavily influenced Europe, specially France
French Revolution
France 1700’s: Center of enlightenment, Large population, Still worked under old world order (feudalism )
Motive of French Revolution: Peasants revolting after years of discrimination
Persants lost ½ their incomes to pay feudal dues while nobles and clergy paid nothing.
What sparked revolution: Shortage of grain = increased bread price = angry people
Lovis XIV: Created absolutist government
Louis XV: Continued it
Louis XVI: Failed to solve Frances finance issues
Cost of I year war & American Revolution put France in major debt
Louis XVI: Him & his wife Manic Antinette were heavily disliked as they worsened financial issues
1784: Louis XVI tax reforms forced an assembly of the Estates General i.e.
France's 3 economic classes
France estate/ Hierarchy of taxes
1st: Clergy Owned 20% of land and paid no taxes)
2nd: Nobility Laurel 25% of land and paid no taxes
3rd: Literally everyone else made up 95% of population and paid taxes)
The third state protested the voting method by separated from Estates General and renamed itself the “National Assembly”
Tennis Court Oath: Oath made by 3rd estate to establish a limited monarchy
Louis XVI ordered troops to gatekeep Paris as angry mobs started
Fall of Bastille: July 14 1789 mob storms Bastille freeing prisoners and taking supplies.
How was the fall of Bastille significant? It was a symbolic act against royal power and made
Paris the center of revolution
August 1789: National Assembly creates Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
What did the Declaration of Rights stand for?
All men remain free and equal in rights
October 1789: Thousands of women marched to Versailles in demand cheaper bread and for the royal family move to Paris. King surrenders.
August 1791: Austria and Prussia demand restoration of King in France
September Massacre: Sans-Culottes took over Paris and killed those supporting the monarchy. Causing the 2nd French Revolution
Who were the Jacobins? French radical in National Assembly who aimed to end monarchy and create new republic Maximilien Robespiere: Led National Assembly
1793: Jacobins demands Louis XVI be executed for tyranny & tro
treachery
1793 - 1794: The Committee exercised dictatorial powers through France
(300,000 arrested $ 50,000 Killed)
Aiming to create "Republic of virtue" Robespierre Executed queen, his main opps,
1,000 of Revolutions enemies
Catholic Church linked with a potential counter revolution
The new republic felt religion held no place in new world and increased Christianization efforts increased
July 1794: National Convention reassents dominance 3 executes Robespierre
The new government was a bicameral legislature made up of 5 men called the The Directory
1799: Napoleon overthrows Directory and gains control of France
Rise and Fall of Napoleon
Napoleon's popularity skyrockets after he takes power He restored power, order, & created prosperity
Napoleon used his new power to make France more efficient
How did Napoleon relate to Enlightenment ideals? He embodied enlightenment philosophes idea of enlightened disposition and used his
position for reform
What is enlightenment deposition: Form of government which monarch used position of power for progress
How did Napoleon benefit France? Napoleon's legal team created 100s of laws to clean → organize legal code that became French law a.k.a Napoleonic Code which is still used in Italy.
While the code ensured achievements of French Rev it negatively affected
women's rights by increasing husbands authority
Concordat of 1801: Church de facto became Religion of France and gave Napoleon right to appoint clergy
1804: Napoleon declared himself emperor
1805 - 1807: Napoleon defeats Austria, Prussia, and Russia
1808: Frances power expands from North Sea to Spain & most of Italy Napoleon's navy gets beat by Britain's Lord Nelson at Battle of Trafalgar
Napoleon felt invincible and people viewed him as such!
His hunger for power caused his downfall in 3 major ways
Napoleon's first mistake: 1806 Napoleon introduces Continental System which closed European ports to British trade
He hoped it would destroy Britain's economy (it did not)
Napoleon's second mistake: In 1808 Napoleon overthrows Spain's monarch and put his brother Joseph in charge
Spanish fighters (Guerillas) repeatedly ambushed trench forces
What was Napoleon's 3rd mistake: In 1812 Napoleon invades Russia after Czar Alexander I continued trade with Britain
Oct 1813: Grand Alliance defeat Napoleon at Battle of Nations
March 1815: Napoleon escapes from Elba i makes new army
June 1815: Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon (again) at Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon relinquishes his throne; and is exiled to St. Helena
Latin America Revolution
Who was Simón Bolivar: Successful military leader/politician who led south american nations to independence from Spain
Which countries give Bolivar credit for revolution? Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
What were Bolivar’s beliefs? He believed Spain oppressed the colonies # he believed enlightenment ideas Bolivar born in Venezuela & wanted equality for all of South America
Haitian Revolutión
(1791 -1804)
Haiti was originally a French colony, as economy grew it increased slave labor
What was Haiti’s original name? St. Domingue
Society was in 3 parts:
1st class: Europeans, 2nd class: Free mulatos, 3rd class: Slaves
What inspired the revolution? Mulatoos & slaves were inspired by the French Revolution to revolt against European oppressors.
Why did Spain and Britain invade the colony? They thought the revolution meant they were weak so they invaded St. Domingue to rule it and gain plantation rights
Haiti's first class supported this, in favor of Britain
Why did slaves fight for the French in the revolution?
The French promised slaves who fought with them against Spain Britain freedom.
Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture: A leader of the revolution & 1st black governor of colonies
He helped France win the revolution & then ruled Haiti independence from France.
Napoleon took control of France and ordered L'Ouverture to relinquish power
L'Ouverture refused so Napoleans sends army to capture and send him to France
For a few months Napoleon ruled Haiti until his soldiers died from disease
Napoleon's army surrenders to Haitian Revolutionist in November 1803
Jan 1 1804: Colony renames itself "Haiti" and becomes the first Black republic