Untitled Flashcards Set

Uneven development - the process through which wealth and power is unevenly distributed geographically as a feature of economic processes

Colonialism - An enduring relationship of domination and mode of dispossession, usually (or at least initially) between an indigenous (or enslaved) majority and a minority of interlopers (colonizers), who are convinced of their own superiority, pursue their own interests, and exercise power through a mixture of coercion, persuasion, conflict and collaboration

World Systems & Dependency Theory -  a school of thought that examines the economic relationships between different countries to explain the persistence of uneven development on a global level 

- a theory of world development that examines the conditions of unequal exchange between countries

Labor Geographies - approaches which seek to understand the diverse processes which both limit and build labour's capacities to create more equitable economic systems

Feminist Geographies - developed first as an academic approach in the 1970s and has grown since then. It has always been connected with the feminist movement outside of academia. Feminist geography as a way of studying and analyzing the relationship between people and space contributes key insights

Queer Geographies - concerned with how space and place shape sexual identities, practices, and inform how we experience desire. In general, queer theory and queer geographies analyze and critique the production and circulation of societal norms

Black Geographies - Examines Black people’s role in the Civil War. Argues that Black people freed themselves by participating in a “general strike” and created a new social order during the Reconstruction period (1865-1877). Highlights the agency of Black people and how race and class operate in the United States pre- and post-Civil War

Globalization - contains within it two opposite forces: increased integration and interconnection, and the reaction against such integration (whether exhibited by people or economic crises).

Space - the patterns, processes, and practices happening on the surface of the earth

Place - An area or region often distinguishable by certain characteristics that could be environmental, cultural, political, etc

Scale - often viewed as the different levels of organization in a hierarchy, which could be social and/or natural

Uneven development - the process through which wealth and power is unevenly distributed geographically as a feature of economic processes

Space-time compression - Experience of shorter distances between geographically far spaces.

Power Geometry - “Who gets to move and where? Who controls the flow of people and things? 

Global sense of place - In the face of global integration, theorists and everyday people look for the boundaries around places. The “local” is imagined to have a fixed identity that is being changed or disrupted by globalization. The “local” can be associated with defensiveness and regression and the “global” with progress and openness.

Bretton Woods System - was predicated on the idea of promoting open markets through eliminating trade barriers as well as the idea of shared governance and regulation of the Western economy

Market liberalization - Decreasing barriers to trade such as regulations and tariffs, encouraging “free markets.”

Structural Adjustment Program - Conditions attached to loans that require loan recipients to privatize the economy, cut back on public spending, devalue currency, and increase foreign investment

Neoliberal - “A doctrine, loosely conceived, that argues for the desirability of a society organized around self-regulating markets, and free, to the extent possible, from social and political intervention.” (Dictionary of Human Geography)

IMF - International Monetary Fund 

promotes global economic stability and growth. Promote international trade through by monitoring exchange rates. Provide loans to countries facing short-term debt crises. Financed by quotas from member countries

World Bank - helps developing countries reduce poverty and improve their economies. Originally designed to provide loans to reconstruct Europe following WWII. Provide loans to facilitate long-term development. Financed by issuing bonds to global investors

WTO - World Trade Organization

an international organization that regulates trade between nations

Washington Consensus - 10 tenets but here are the major ones: 

1. Reduce Budget deficit 

2. Reduce spending for social safety nets 

3. Reduce trade restrictions 

4. Privatize public enterprises 

5. Secure private property rights to incentivize investment

NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement) - goes into effect Trade agreement signed by US, Canada, and Mexico

FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) - person or firm investing in an industry abroad, maintaining significant control over that enterprise

Special Economic Zones/Free Trade Zones - land areas in a country not subjected to customs and certain taxes

Beijing Consensus - China’s way of introducing loans to developing countries, often seen as an alternative to Washington Consensus-based loans

Belt and Road Initiative - massive infrastructure project financed by China to facilitate economic exchange

Colonialism - An enduring relationship of domination and mode of dispossession, usually (or at least initially) between an indigenous (or enslaved) majority and a minority of interlopers (colonizers), who are convinced of their own superiority, pursue their own interests, and exercise power through a mixture of coercion, persuasion, conflict and collaboration.

Settler colonialism - Process where colonizers aim to set up and replace an existing society with their own through violent displacement

Doctrine of Discovery - Doctrine of Discovery is one early legitimation of colonization: “The Doctrine of Discovery was set out in a series of declarations by popes in the 15th century. These declarations (known as “papal bulls”) provided religious authority for Christian empires to invade and subjugate non‐Christian lands, peoples and sovereign nations, impose Christianity on these populations, and claim their resources.” (Canadian Museum for Human Rights) These papal bulls were followed by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the world between Spanish and Portuguese and specifies that only non-Christian lands are subject to the Doctrine of Discovery.

Imperialism - when a country extends its power and control over other countries or territories

The Scramble for Africa - Berlin Conference in 1885: divides Africa amongst Europe’s imperial powers

Phrenology - the belief that cranial size and shape indicate moral characteristics and intellect

Eugenics - a false science using Darwin’s theory of inherited traits to establish a hierarchy of races.

Decolonization - the process of ending some or all colonial forms of power in a region

Development - There is no universal definition of development; the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced

USAID - United States Agency for International Development

Modernization Theory - a theory used to explain the process of modernization that a nation goes through as it transitions from a traditional society to a modern one 

Dependency Theory - a school of thought that examines the economic relationships between different countries to explain the persistence of uneven development on a global level

World Systems Theory - a theory of world development that examines the conditions of unequal exchange between countries

Core/Periphery - 

Import Substitution Industrialization - 

Capitalism - Capitalism is an economic and social system that emerged in 18th Britain

Global Division of Labor - Global Division of Labor describes the general shift in goods manufacturing from the Global North (US, Europe, Japan) to the Global South (China, Mexico, India, etc.) which occurred from the late 1970s on. Corporations seek out the cheapest locations to produce their goods and construct global supply chains to source materials and sell products.

Reproductive Labor/social reproduction - All the tasks associated with supporting and servicing the current and future workforce – those who undertake or will undertake productive work. It includes childbearing and nurture but is not limited to these tasks.

Industrial forestry - Trying to produce as much commercially valuable timber per acre as quickly as possible

High-flex labor force - workforce characterized by adaptability and flexibility, where workers can easily adjust to changing demands and work arrangements, often through remote work, flexible hours, or project-based engagements

Subsistence farming - farming where the bulk of what is produced is for personal consumption

Critical geography - a way of studying the interactions between people and space 

Intersectionality - examines how various social categories like race, gender, class, and sexuality, and other identities interact to create unique and overlapping experiences of discrimination and privilege

Heteronormativity - what makes heterosexuality seem coherent, natural and privileged

Homonormativity - the adoption of heteronormative ideals and constructs onto LGBT culture and identity

Bodily autonomy - the right to make decisions about your own body, life, and future, without coercion or violence

STAR - Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries

address issues faced by street people, trans people in prison, poor/homeless youths, and other marginalized people who were not being adequately supported or represented by the other LGBTQ organizations

Rainbow capitalism - where businesses see an opportunity to profit from the LGBT movement by marketing their goods or their practices as LGBT-friendly to acquire them as a consumer base

Gay & trans panic defense - the idea that everyone has the right to decide what happens to their body and health without coercion. This includes deciding who has access to your body, what you do with your body medically and surgically, have children, and many other things

Racial capitalism - In many states, a person accused of murder or assault against a gay or trans person can say the person’s gender presentation or sexual orientation caused them to enact violence against the person

Abolition geographies - much like decolonial organizing we have discussed previous – is an ongoing, wide assemblage of organizations and people working to dismantle systems that uphold state surveillance, policing, imprisonment and execution through racialized violence