Chapter 9 - Solutions

9.1 - Solutions

  • When a solvent dissolves in a solvent, a solution forms.
    • The solvent particles are evenly dispersed into the solvent in a solution.
  • Soluble, liquid, or gas can be the solution and solvent.
  • Polar O-H bond leads to water molecular hydrogen bonding
    • A polar solvent is an ionic solvent dissolved in water because the molecules of polar water attract and hydrate the ions into the solution.
  • The word "dissolves" means that a polar or ionic solvent disintegrates into a polar solvent while a nonpolar solvent dissolves into a nonpolar solvent.

9.2 - Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

  • Substances that create water ions, as their solutions conduct electrical power, are called electrolytes.
    • Strong electrolytes are completely dissociated, but only partially disconnected weak electrolytes.
  • Nonelectrolytes are substances that only produce molecules in water and cannot conduct electric streams.

9.3 - Solubility

  • A solvent has a solubility that can dissolve into 100 g of solvent as much as possible.
  • A saturated solution is a solution that includes the maximum dissolved solvent.
    • The unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum dissolved solution.
  • An increase in temperature increases the solubility of most water solids but reduces the water solubility of gases.
    • Soluble in water ionic compounds usually include Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, NO3 -, C2H3O2-.

 Solute in solvent --> solution

9.4 - Solution Concentrations

  • Mass percent is the mass/mass ratio of solution mass to solution mass multiplied by 100%.
    • The volume/volume (v/v) and mass/volume (m/v) ratios may also be the per cent concentration ratio.
  • Molarity is the solute moles per liter solution.
  • Concentration is used as a conversion factor for calculations of grams or milliliters of solution or solution
    • Molarity (or moles/L) for the solution moles of solvent volume is written as a conversion factor.

9.5 - Dilution of Solutions

  • A solution is added in the course of dilution, a solvent like water, which increases its volume and reduces its concentration.

9.6 - Properties of Solutions

  • Colloids contain particles that are mostly filtered but not semipermeable membranes or settled.
    • There are very large particles settling in suspensions.
  • The osmotic pressure is increased by the particles in a solution.
  • Solvent (water) transmissions from a lower osmotic (lower solution concentration) solution to a higher-osmotic (higher-osmotic) solution in osmotic conditions through a semi-permeable membrane.
  • Isotonic solutions are equal to body fluid osmotic pressures.
  • A red blood cell keeps its volume in an inside solution but shrinks into a hypotonic solution.
    • In dialysis, a dialyzing membrane passes via water and small solvents while retaining larger particles.