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Vocabulary

• Renaissance: Rebirth of art and learning.

• Secularism: Focus on non-religious subjects.

• Leon Battista Alberti: A polymath of the Renaissance, known as a "Universal Person."

• The Hanseatic League: Trade alliance of merchant guilds.

• The Medici: Prominent banking family that influenced Renaissance culture.

• The 3 Estates: Social classes in Renaissance society.

• Baldassare Castiglione: Author of "The Book of the Courtier" (1528).

• Isabella d'Este: Prominent female political figure in the Renaissance.

• City-State: Independent political entities with their own governments.

• The Papal States: Territories in Italy under the sovereign direct rule of the Pope.

Intellectual Developments Vocabulary

• Individualism: Focus on individual rather than collective identity.

• Humanism: Cultural movement emphasizing human potential and achievements.

• Petrarch: Father of Humanism; revived interest in classical antiquity.

• Civic Humanism: Combining humanist principles with civic engagement.

• Neoplatonism: Philosophical ideology blending Platonic thought with Christian doctrine.

• Leonardo Bruni: Historian and humanist scholar, linked classical and Renaissance ideas.

• Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: Philosopher known for his work on human dignity.

• Humanist Education: Curriculum focused on humanities (rhetoric, grammar, history).

• Laura Cereta: Feminist scholar and advocate for women's education.

• Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the printing press, revolutionizing information dissemination.

Artistic Developments Vocabulary

• Giotto: Pre-Renaissance artist known for his frescoes.

• Masaccio: Early Renaissance painter celebrated for his use of perspective.

• Sandro Botticelli: Noted for his mythological and religious themes.

• Donato di Donatello: Sculptor famed for his works in bronze and marble.

• Filippo Brunelleschi: Architect credited with developing linear perspective.

• Leonardo da Vinci: Polymath, known for masterpieces like "Mona Lisa."

• Raphael: Renowned for his paintings in the Vatican.

• Michelangelo: Sculptor and painter, creator of the "David" and Sistine Chapel ceiling.

• Jan van Eyck: Early Netherlandish painter recognized for his oil paintings.

• Albrecht Durer: German artist known for woodcuts and printmaking.