World History Honors

UNIT 1

Chapter 0

-Modern Civilizations

Maya, Aztec, and Inca:

1. Originated from Olmecs in the Gulf of Mexico

2. Maya (modern day Mexico + other latin American countries): advanced economy and elaborate trade

3. Aztec (modern day Costa Rica): Advanced laws and court system, Montezuma

4. Inca (modern day Peru): First lobotomies, believed in reincarnation, Pachacuti

China:

1. Dynastic until 1912

2. Philosophers: confucius 

3. Generals: Sun Tzu- wrote “Art of War” 

4. Leaders: Qin Shi Huang and Kublai Khan

5. Mongolian conquest under Genghis Khan

India:

1. Reincarnation

2. Caste System

3. Built Taj Mahal

Persia:

1. Cyrus the Great - very progressive: allowed conquered peoples to continue worshiping other religions and celebrating other cultures as long as they paid taxes

2. Alexander the Great defeats the Persian Empire

Greece:

1. The trojan war

2. Greeks create myths, there is art, culture, history, drama, etc

Rom/byzantine Empire (italy)

1. Republic of representatives 

2. adapted the Greek Gods to their own culture

3. Julius Caesar takes control as dictator for life

4. Augustus CAesar returns Rome back to republic and starts the Pax Romana

-Modern Religions

China:

• Taoism (daoism) was the original religion

India:

• Hinduism: reincarnation and rebirth, Karma

• Buddhism: The buddha, leads to enlightenment and Nirvana 

Persia:

• Zoroastrianism is the founding religion 

Judaism: the Torah, 1st Five books of the Hebrew Bible, first monotheistic religion

Chrisitianity: Jesus is born 4-6 BCE, christianity spreads through the Roman Empire 

Arab Muslim Empires/Islam: Mecca (saudi Arabia), they are monotheistic - Allah, the prophet Muhammad

-Roots of civilizations (not as important)

Early Human development started 200,000 BCE - 6,000 BCE

• Hunter/gatherer societies around 150,000 BCE

• First civilizations around 6,000 BCE

Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq)

1. Epic of Gilgamesh - extremely exaggerated story 

2. Hammurabi’s code - VERY first laws and rules mostly applied in economics

3. Built ships for trade (only in rivers) - trades with LOTS of these civilizations

Nile River Valley (Modern dat Egypt)

1. Irrigation and Agricultural

2. Hieroglyphs 

3. Development of social hierarchy

Indus River Valley (Modern day India/Pakistan)

1. Engineering (Great Bath)

2. Urban planning

3. Sculptures and engravings

Yellow River Valley (Modern day China)

1. Shang dynasty

2. Bronze weapons and tools

3. Bureacratic Government 

1. Essential Features of a Modern Democracy

   1. Representative government/ Pure democracy

      1. Athenian democracy

         1. pure democracy

         2. demanded all adult males participated in democratic processes 

         3. met 40 times a year to discuss public issues

         4. poor person = rich person (voting)

         5. government of amateurs 

      2. Rule by the people

   2. Individual rights

   3. Rule by law

      1. roman law was created by the republic

      2. based on reason and justice, designed to protect citizens and their property 

         1. no one should suffer penalty for what they think of

         2. the guilt or punishment of the father can impose no stigma upon the son

         3. in inflicting penalties the age of the guilty party must be considered

4. Reason

   1. greeks were the first to make scientific investigations and studies of human culture

      1. advanced in science, literature, and politics

      2. invented natural law

2. Roots of Democracy (500 B.C.)

   1. Greeks, Romans, Judeo-Christian tradition

      1. Equality, the sacred worth of an individual, speak out against injustice.

      2. Ancient Hebrews/Jews 

         1. first monotheistic religion

         2. believed God gave all humans moral freedom 

            1. choose good vs evil

            2. emphasis on individual worth

         3. against war, oppression, greed

            1. believed all people to be treated with justice and dignity

         4. kept beliefs to themselves

      3. Christian

         1. Jesus adopted views of the Hebrews

         2. Spread their beliefs

         3. Helped shape democracy by preaching individual worth

3. Middle Ages (800 A.D.)

   1. Feudalism & why it came about?

      1. Focus shifts to northern Europe after fall of Rome

      2. The Age of Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

         1. loved battle (esp the muslims)

         2. Christian Emperor, crowned by Pope Leo II

         3. tried to create unified Christian Europe

         4. created a revival of learning

      3. After Charlemange

         1. Empire falls apart, heirs battle for power

            1. faced waves of Muslim invasion

            2. Vikings were destructive raiders who yoinked some of the empire

         2. Treaty of Verdun

            1. split Europe into 3 regions

      4. Led to kings and emperors too weak to maintain order and law

         1. feudalism developed to protect their homes

         2. peasants and lords agreed on a feudal contract

         3. tenants-in-chief gave lords a fief or estates 

            1. fiefs came with peasants to work the land

            2. so, lords promise to protect peasants

            3. Code of Chivalry!!

   2. Church’s role in this society

      1. 486 A.D. - King Cloves converted Francs to Christianity

      2. 622 A.D. - Islam appears in Arabia

      3. Crusades: Muslims > Christians in Palestine, North Africa, and Spain

      4. France > Muslims 

         1. Made the Christians believe God was on their side (both thought God were on their side)

      5. Muslims were a source of anxiety for the Christians and vice versa

4. Crusades (1096-1300)

   1. There were 4 of them, mr. cook said we didn’t need to know specifics 

   2. Children’s Crusade:

      1. 30,000 French; 7,000 German children

      2. goal was to retake holy land

      3. all kids killed or sold into slavery

   2. What were the reasons Pope Urban II called for a crusade? (1st crusade to battle Muslim Turks)

      1. Regain the Holy Land

      2. Unite the church

         1. hoped knights vs muslims = unity for Europe

      3. Reduce feudal warfare

   3. Results of the Crusades

      1. Increase in trade and travel

         1. economics expansion

      2. legacy of religious hatred 

         1. both sides committed many atrocities

      3. increased power of monarchs & church

      4. gave Christians wider world view and desire 

         1. Marco Polo!!

5. Hundred Years War (1337 to 1453)

   1. Who fought in it and why?

      1. English vs French (similar to China vs. Japan)

      2. English King Edward III tried to claim the French crown and French land 

   2. English won at first 

      1. thanks to longbow!!

      2. v close to taking all of france over

      3. french morale was low

   3. Joan of arc!

      1. 1429 - 17 year old peasant 

      2. went to King Charles VII saying she was chosen by God to save France

      3. inspired the French and led many victories

      4. taken captive by allies and turned over to English

      5. tried as a witch and burned at the stake

         1. rallied the French to go on offense 

   4. Finally drove English out of France with cannon

   5. Hundred Years war resulted in:

      1. National pride

         1. French spread their power

         2. England’s dreams of a continental empire crushed

      2. Emergence of strong kings

         1. now needed large armies to fight wars

            1. longbow & cannon changed warfare

6. Renaissance (1350-1600)

   1. What does it mean?  

      1. lit. Rebirth

      2. a time of creativity and change 

         1. political, social, economic, cultural

   2. Why did it come about?

      1. led by wealthy and powerful merchant class in Italy

         1. Medici’s competed with each other

         2. stressed education and individual achievement

         3. spent lavishly to support the arts

      2. created new worldview, renewed interest in Greece and Rome

   3. Florence was the heart of the Renaissance

   4. Concentrated on life and achievement rather than the afterlife

   5. What were the contributions of:

      1. Leonardo da Vinci

         1. The Last Supper & Mona Lisa

            1. perspective!!!!

         2. Botany, Astronomy

         3. Flying machines & Undersea vehicles sketched

         4. Dissecting corpses to understand the human body

      2. Michelangelo

         1. trained by Medicis 

         2. painter, sculptor, engineer

         3. religious artwork

            1. Pieta - Marble work

            2. David - greek influence (space & harmony)

            3. Sistine Chapel

               1. Vatican

            4. Dome of St. Peter’s, Rome

   6. Impact of the printing press

      1. invented by german inventor Johann Gutenberg

      2. books could now be mass produced

         1. bibles 

            1. used to be hella expensive bc long asl and handwritten

            2. spread religious ideas

         2. prices of books dropped

         3. more people became literate

            1. more people questioned the church

         4. caused Age of Exploration

7. Protestant Reformation (1500-1600)

   1. Indulgence:

      1. Popes = no money

         1. wanted more political power so spent it all on paintings, churches, and lavish lifestyle

         2. needed money

      2. Advertised as a payment to wash away sins

         1. indulgence = proof your sins were erased

         2. needed to buy some for you ancestors as well 

         3. no indulgence = you’re going to hell (excommunicated)

      3. Pissed off a lot of people

   2. Martin Luther

      1. Salvation through faith

         1. got really popular for this idea

      2. Bible true authority not the Pope

         1. 95 Theses

            1. protest against sale of indulgences

            2. printing press allowed mass production of this

            3. bc of popularity, Church asked to recant

               1. no, so he got excommunicated 

         2. many saw this as an end to church’s corruption

         3. Peace of Augsburg

   3. Why did Henry VIII challenge the church?

      1. wanted to annul his first marriage with Catherine of Aragon

         1. it was against the church’s beliefs

         2. killed anyone who opposed him

         3. Thomas Cromwell vs. Thomes Moore

   4. Final result of the reformation

      1. Church of England created

         1. marriage gets annulled 

            1. more marriages lmao

8.  Age of Exploration (1450-1750)

   1. What spurs on exploration?

      1. The Renaissance & Printing Press

      2. European desire for a direct access to the Asian trade market

      3. wanted to bypass the Mediterranean sea

      4. desire to learn more about the land outside of Europe

      5. desire to spread religion

   2. Which nations lead the way early on in exploration?

      1. Spain & Portugal in the 1500s

         1. Treaty of Tordesillas

      2. Dutch in the 1600s

      3. British in the 1700-1800s

   3. Who and what country was the first to round the Cape of Good Hope?

      1. Bartolemeu Dias in 1488

      2. Portugal

   4. Columbus: route, who inspired him?, Indians

      1. Wanted to sail west to India 

         1. for a 

         2. underestimated the size of the Earth

         3. didn’t know two continents were in the way

      2. first arrived in the Bahamas in 1492

         1. 3 more trips afterwards

      3. inspired by Marco Polo

   5. Magellan

      1. set sail with 5 ships 

      2. sailed to the tip of S. America

         1. discovered the Pacific Ocean

            1. peaceful ocean

      3. wanted to circumnavigate the globe

         1. his crew did it

         2. Magellan died in the Philippines

   6. Spain & New World

      1. Conquistadores

         1. conquered large portions of N & S America

         2. led by Hernan Cortes

      2. Native Americans

         1. Malinche 

            1. young native woman who helped translate for Cortes

            2. helped form alliances w/ S. American tribes

               1. tribes & Cortes fight Aztecs

               2. Spanish then kill those tribes

         2. Moctezuma

            1. Aztec king

            2. thought Cortes might have been Quetzalcoatl 

            3. drove the Spanish out of the city, died in this battle

               1. Cortes then counters attacks and takes Tenochtitlan to become Mexico City

         3. Reasons for Spanish Victory:

            1. disease (80% of the fatalities)

            2. superior military technology

            3. division of N & S tribes

            4. many natives believed it was the end of the world

   7. Middle Passage

      1. leg of triangular trade from West Africa to the Americas

      2. brutal, deadly journey

         1. cruel & harsh treatment

         2. disease

         3. starvation

         4. insurrection

         5. extreme temperatures

      3. lasted about 80 days

      4. 50% casualty rate

UNIT 2

8. Enlightenment

   1. Hobbes: 

• Argued that people are naturally cruel, greedy, selfish and evil, wrote leviathan

• If they were not controlled they would rob and oppress one another 

• Favored a monarchy and argued people needed a strong government 

2. Locke:

• Argued that people are naturally reasonable, moral and good, society corrupts them.

• Natural rights : life liberty and property

• Wrote “two treatises of government”

• Favored a limited government and democracy

3. Montesquieu:

• Preached 3 branches of government, executive, legislative, and judicial

• Checks and balances helped prevent tyranny

• Openly criticizes monarchies

• Wrote spirit of the laws

4. Voltaire:

• French philosophe who used satire to expose government, defended freedom of speech till the end

• Targeted corrupt officials and aristocrats

• Detested slave trade and religious prejeduce 

• Offended government and catholic church forced into exile

5. Rousseau:

• Believed people were good like Locke, society corrupted people

• Wrote the “social contract”

• Hated political and economic oppression, felt government should be limited and only around to prevent corruption

6. Diderot (more like diddy 😛)

• Wrote the 28 volume encyclopedia 

• Attacked slavery 

• Praised freedom of expression and education for all

7. Adam Smith

• Wrote “wealth of nations”

• Supported Laissez Faire economics and a free market economy (invisible hand)

• Believed supply and demand would take care of the market

8. Kant

• Central figure in modern philosophy 

9. Wollstonecraft

• First Feminist

10. Newton

• Creates reason, natural laws and laws of motion, helps lead way into the scientific revolution 

2. Revolution in England Don’t Need to Know

   1. James I:

   2. Charles I:

      1. Petition of Right

      2. Civil War breaks out

      3. Cromwell and the Roundheads vs. Cavaliers

   3. Charles II: restoration

   4. James II & the Glorious Revolution

      1. William & Mary sign the Bill of Rights

   5. George I: 1^st Prime Minister

   6. George III: 

   7. Discuss the impact the English Civil War has on the political scene in England.

3. French Revolution

Louis XIV: popular, nicknamed the sun king, built the palace of versailles, puts France in debt

Louis VX: puts France in more debt

Louis XVI: very unpopular, lazy, the ruler during the French Revolution 

1^st Phase

1. Three estates

1st: The clergy, 2nd: the nobility, 3rd: peasants and bourgeoisie

• 1st: 1% of the population, didn’t pay taxes, owned 10% of land in France

• 2nd: 1% of the population, didn’t pay taxes, held top position in government, army, courts

• 3rd: 98% of the population , split into bourgeoisie (middle class, 20% of 3rd estate) and peasants (80% of the 3rd estate)

2. Why is France in a financial crisis?

1. Deficit spending = spend more than you can get  *all Louis did this

2. War debts: Seven years war and American revolution

3. Half of the taxes collected went to pay debts

4. Austerity: raise taxes and reduce expenses 

5. Poor harvests: once in a century storm

6. Failure to reform: Jacques Necker (proposed to tax the 1st and 2nd estate)

3. Tennis Court Oath

Held the estates general for the first time in 175 years

• 1st and 2nd estate lock out the 3rd estate

• The 3rd estate met at a tennis court and declared themselves the national assembly

• They would keep meeting until they rewrote the constitution

4. Bastille

800 Parisians (citizens in paris) gather outside the medieval prison on July 14th - The Bastile

• Leader of Bastile opens fire on the crowd

• Has opposite effect and they break through = killed the leader and 5 of his men

• They break apart the castle brick by brick

• Their July 4th

5. Women March on Versailles

As Mr. Cook would say: A bunch of buff UFC fighter women march to the Louis’ palace demanding bread 

• Many were angered with Marie Antoinette 

• A rumor started that when she heard about the starving peasants and said “let them eat cake” untrue***

6. Constitution of 1791:

• Created by the National Assembly, it fulfills the tennis court oath

• Has a limited monarchy, and legislative branch (parliment/congress)

• Inspired by Hobbes

7. European nations go to war with France

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette try to flee paris

• They get caught and are brought back to Paris

• Joseph II (Marie Antoinette’s brother) threatened to invade France to protect the monarchy : Prussians and Austrians are coming to fight France

2. 2^nd phase

   1. 2^nd constitution:

• Replaced the constitution of 1791 formed by radicals 

• “New Constitution”

• Set up a republic where you can elect leaders, however this didn’t actually happen

2. Committee of Public Safety 

(Robespierre)

• Robespierre sets up Committee of Public Safety which conducted hasty trials to “criminals” (subjective)

• Robespierre: a jacobin, “the incorruptible”, used terror

3. Reign of Terror

• Led by Robespierre 

• killed 40,000 in a 2 YEAR PERIOD

• Death was conducted by the Guillotine

• Public turns on Robespierre and he is executed 

3. 3^rd phase

   1. 3^rd constitution 1795: 

A 5-man directory and a two-house legislature is set up in place of the 2nd constitution by Robespierre. It’s very weak

2. Napoleon makes name for himself

• As chaos threatened, the French turn to Napoleon

• He is popular because he fought Prussia and Austria out of Paris

• Is favored by the Jacobins 

3. Overthrows the Directory

• They thought they could use him as a puppet but were greatly mistaken 

• All estates like Napoleon

• He becomes the ruler of france names himself Emperor for life and builds a strong sense of nationalism (bad)

• Hubris: self-pride to the point of arrogance (ex: invites the Pope to France but takes the crown out of his hands)

4. Napoleon’s reign

   1. Conquered much of Europe

• Leads many swift victories over Europe: Netherlands, belgium, parts of Italy, Prussia, and Germany

• Puts friends and relatives in charge of these territories (BIG MISTAKE) 

• Nationalism continues to grow

2. Trafalgar

• Naval Battle between Britain and France and Napoleon loses

• Wages economic warfare with England, Russia is the first to break the economic warfare (continental system) 

3. Continental system

• Result of the battle of Trafalgar

• closed European ports to British goods

• Britain responds with a blockade of European ports

4. Russia

• Czar Alexander I of Russia was unhappy with the continental system and withdraws (1st to do this)

• Napoleon responds by assembling his grand army and heading for Russia (450,000 French soldiers, 150,000 desert before getting there)

• Russians use “scorched earth” tactic and retreat constantly 

• French soldiers freeze and starve and once Napoleon reaches Moscow, Russia burns it down

• Only 90,000 soldiers survive and his image is shattered 

5. Elba

• After the major loss Napoleon abdicates (steps down from power and is exiled to Elba (nice island)

• He eventually escapes and returns to France

6. Waterloo

• He rules for 100 days until he is defeated by the British at the battle of Waterloo (land battle)

• British was led by Duke Wellington

7. St. Helena

• This time Napoleon is exiled to a lonely island in the South Atlantic: St. helena 

8. Congress of Vienna 1814-1815

• Its goal was to restore Europe’s stability and create lasting peace by protecting the monarchy 

• All major leaders from all European nations attended

• Met for 10 months where they redrew the map of Europe to

  • create of buffer zone to keep France from Russia 

  • Make sure France has no way of gaining that much land and territory again

UNIT 3

1. Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

   1. Define industrial revolution:

      1. Economically fracturing event

         1. Phoenix rising

   2. Where & when does it start?

      1. Britain

      2. 1760

   3. Why does it start in that nation?

      1. Resources

         1. large supplies of coal and iron, large working force

      2. New Technology

         1. plenty of skilled mechanics who were eager to meet growing demand for new inventions 

      3. Economic Conditions

         1. Britain was wealthy and looking for new ventures

      4. Political and Social Conditions

         1. Stable government where taking economic chance was encouraged 

   4. What is the first industry to develop in that nation?

      1. Textile industry

         1. Cloth from India became very popular

         2. Increased demand for cloth in Britain

         3. Spinning Jenny invented in 1764

            1. increased cloth production 10x

         4. First factories

            1. places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods

         5. More production = more money

   5. Discuss conditions in the early city.

      1. Due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and increase in demand for workers

      2. Air pollution 

      3. Packed into small tenements 

         1. no running water

         2. no bathrooms or sanitation system

         3. no garbage areas

         4. cholera spread rapidly

            1. connect to black plague

         5. these cities become known as slums

   6. Discuss conditions in the early factory.

      1. Rigid Discipline

         1. 12-16 hour shifts

            1. no sleep → mistakes

      2. no sick days, disability leave, vacation, weekends, maternity leave

         1. men, women, and children worked 

      3. accidents

         1. lost limbs

         2. black lung

         3. white lung

      4. workers were fired if they were sick

         1. brought sickness home to their family (in the tenements)

   7. What was life like for a woman during this time period?

      1. Worked same hours and made less

      2. No maternity leave

   8. How did workers try to improve their situation?

      1. Form labor unions

         1. strikes and labor unions were outlawed

         2. 12 killed killed in a protest in Manchester

            1. for higher wages

            2. killed by government 

2. New ideas about organizing society

   1. New Middle Class

      1. many did benefit from the Industrial revolution

      2. inventors, entrepreneurs, and inventors 

      3. ladies were encouraged to become “ladylike”

      4. they took up embroidery, drawing, and piano

      5. “ladies did not work” - they hired mired

      6. little sympathy for the poor”

      7. women educated their children

   2. Laissez-faire:

      1. embraced Adam Smith’s “The Wealth of Nations”

         1. the og!

      2. Thomas Malthus: predicts population outpaced food production

         1. society needed checks on population (cull) such as war, disease, and famine

         2. if not the poor would suffer

         3. urged families to have less children

         4. “dismal science”

      3. David Ricardo: population & wages go through cycles

         1. argued that when ages were high people had more children and this provided more people for the work force which lowered wages and led to higher unemployment

      4. Both opposed government help for the poor

         1. “Scrouge”

      5. Economics became known as “dismal science”

   3. Utilitarians: government should attempt to correct abuses.

      1. wanted the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

      2. ideas came from poor, slums

      3. tries to push top and bottom classes together 

      4. eventually leads to socialism

   4. Karl Marx:  What does he predict?  Was he right?

      1. agreed with the ideas of socialism and wrote “The Communist Manifesto”

      2. Hated capitalism

      3. argued that all of history can be defined by the struggle between the “haves” and “have nots”

         1. Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat

      4. Believed the Proletariat would eventually revolt and take over the world

         1. Mr. Cook thinks this isn’t likely 

3. 2^nd phase of the Industrial Revolution

   1. Who are the new industrial nations that emerge?

      1. Belgium follows Britain’s lead in the Industrial Revolution

      2. Germany 

      3. France 

      4. United States

      5. Western Nations became dominant 

      6. Eastern nations did not Industrialize as fast Western nations 

      7. Russia eventually Industrializes after a long period of social and political unrest 

   2. How do the cities change?

      1. Companies began to hire scientists and researchers to make machines and products better 

         1. assembly line 

         2. interchangeable parts

      2. Electricity replaced steam of source of power (1800s)

         1. allowed factories to work after dark

      3. Automobile Age 

      4. Changing attitudes and Values

         1. upper class included self-made rich → american dream

         2. women's suffrage

         3. choice in marriage

         4.  public education is promoted 

         5. higher education is promoted 

   3. Charles Darwin

      1. “The Origin of Species” - evolution

      2. Based on 25 years of research, survival of the fittest in TRAITS not species

   4. Social Darwinism

      1. survival of the fittest amongst people 

      2. helped encourage racism

      3. tied to Adolf Hilter & Nazis 

      4. ideas that a cultural/people are better than others 

   5. Individuals that changed society

      1. Lister

         1. invented antiseptic in 1865

      2. Pasteur

         1. discovered the link between germs and disease

         2. GERM THEORY

         3. created vaccines for these germs and microbes (smallpox, chicken pox, etc)

         4. creates the process of pasteurization- filtering milk

      3. Nobel 

         1. invents dynamite

            1. which helps with railroads and weapons

            2. Nobel Peace Prize named after him

      4. Wright brothers

         1. Fly the “Kitty Hawk” in 1903

         2. North Carolina

         3. First flight

            1. Commercial flight then begins in the 1920s

      5. Morse

         1. invents Morse code for telegraph in 1844

      6. Graham Bell 

         1. invents the telephone in 1876

4. Cons to the Industrial Revolution (1st half)

   1. lay pay initially

   2. unemployment

   3. dismal working conditions

   4. slums & disease

   5. social problems

5. Pros to the Industrial Revolution (2nd half)

   1. demand for mass produced goods

   2. more jobs were available

   3. wages eventually rose

   4. cost of travel fell

   5. opportunities increased