Cardio-Respiratory Systems Year 10 Sports Science

Vessels: Tubes carrying blood throughout the body.
Capillaries: The smallest blood vessels where gas exchange occurs.
Veins: Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Altitude training: Training at higher elevations to improve performance by increasing red blood cell production.
Arteries: Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, playing a crucial role in delivering vital nutrients and oxygen to tissues.
Plasma: The liquid component of blood that carries cells, nutrients, and waste products.
Blood cells: - Red blood cells (Erythrocytes): Transport oxygen using hemoglobin. - Hemoglobin: A protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen. - Platelets (Thrombocytes): Involved in blood clotting.
Heart rate: The number of beats per minute (bpm).
Stroke volume: The amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat.
Cardiac output: The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as: $ext{Cardiac Output} = ext{Heart Rate} imes ext{Stroke Volume}$
VO2 Max: The maximum rate of oxygen consumption during intense exercise, measured in $mL/kg/min$ .
A-VO2 Difference: The difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood.
Tidal Volume: The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
Respiratory Rate: The number of breaths taken per minute.
Ventilation: The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

Components of the cardiovascular system: - Heart - Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) - Blood itself
Pulmonary system: Blood flow between the heart and lungs.
Systemic system: Blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body.

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava.
Blood moves into the right atrium.
Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
Blood is pumped into the pulmonary arteries via the pulmonary valve towards the lungs.
In the lungs, blood receives oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
Blood flows through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle.
Blood is pumped into the aorta via the aortic valve to supply the body with oxygenated blood.

Average adult has approximately 5-6 liters of blood. - Oxygenated blood is represented in red. - Deoxygenated blood is represented in blue.

Normal heart rate for adults: 60 to 100 bpm. - Bradycardia: Heart rate slower than 60 bpm. - Tachycardia: Heart rate faster than 100 bpm.
Procedure to calculate resting heart rate: 1. Measure pulse for 15 seconds. 2. Multiply by 4 to find bpm.
Factors affecting resting heart rate include: - Genetics - Fitness level - Emotional state

Cardiac Output: Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated by: $ext{Cardiac Output} = ext{Heart Rate} imes ext{Stroke Volume}$
Stroke Volume: The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat.
Heart Rate: The number of beats per minute.

Heart Rate: Increases with exercise intensity.
Stroke Volume: Might increase up to a certain intensity before plateauing (submaximal exercise).
Cardiac Output: Increases throughout exercise intensity as both heart rate and stroke volume rise.

A-VO2 Difference: Increases during exercise, indicating enhanced oxygen extraction by muscles.
VO2 Max: Indicator of aerobic endurance capacity. Athletes with greater VO2 max can perform at higher intensities.
Methods to improve VO2 Max include: - Intensive endurance training. - Interval training.

O2 Deficit: The temporary shortage of oxygen during the onset of exercise.
Steady State: The point during exercise where oxygen supply meets the oxygen demand by the body.
EPOC (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption): The increased rate of oxygen intake post-exercise to restore the body to its resting state.

Acute Responses: Immediate effects of exercise, such as increased heart rate and respiratory rate.
Chronic Responses: Long-term adaptations from regular training, e.g., decreased resting heart rate.

Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts, chest expands, increasing lung volume and decreasing pressure, allowing air to flow in.
Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes, chest contracts, decreasing lung volume and raising pressure, forcing air out.

Location: Occurs in alveoli in the lungs and at muscle tissue level.
Mechanisms: Utilizing diffusion where gases flow from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

Aim: To explore the relationship between heart rate and exercise.
Methodology: Included both measurements at rest and during exercise.
Discussion: Analyzed why heart rate increases, physiological changes in the body, differences among individuals, and relevant concepts such as oxygen deficit and steady state.

Familiarize with terms: contrast, define, demonstrate, describe, discuss, evaluate, explain, identify, etc.
Understanding practical applications and theory connections.

Knowledge of circulatory components, functions, and physiological changes during exercise is essential.

Discuss impacts of endurance training on VO2 Max and physiological adaptations.
Explain the pathway of blood flow within the circulatory system for both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.