Spanish Vocabulary Flashcards
Unidad 1: México
1.1.I Expressing Identity: Subject Pronouns
- Subject pronouns identify the person performing an action.
- Singular subject pronouns:
- yo (I)
- tú (you, informal)
- usted (you, formal)
- él (he)
- ella (she)
- Plural subject pronouns:
- nosotros/nosotras (we)
- vosotros/vosotras (you, informal, used in Spain)
- ustedes (you, formal or informal in the Americas)
- ellos/ellas (they)
- Nosotros, vosotros, and ellos refer to groups of all males or mixed gender groups. Nosotras, vosotras, and ellas refer to groups of females.
- Example: Juan, Luisa y Andrea son hermanos. Ellos son amigos de Marisa.
- Tú is used informally with relatives, friends, classmates, and children.
- Usted is used formally with adults, authority figures (teachers, police officers), and senior citizens.
- Examples: ¿Tú eres Tess? ¿Usted es el señor Pérez?
- In Spain, vosotros/vosotras is the plural of tú, while ustedes is the plural of usted.
- In the Americas, ustedes is used as the plural of both tú and usted.
- Examples: Vosotros sois mis amigos. Ustedes son mis amigos.
1.1.II Identifying People: The Verb Ser
- The verb ser (to be) is used to identify people, places, things, and ideas.
- Present tense forms of ser:
- yo soy (I am)
- tú eres (you are)
- usted/él/ella es (you are/he is/she is)
- nosotros/nosotras somos (we are)
- vosotros/vosotras sois (you are)
- ustedes/ellos/ellas son (you are/they are)
- Subject pronouns can be omitted in Spanish.
- Examples: Yo soy una niña. Soy mexicana.
- To make a sentence negative, add no before the verb.
- Example: Yo no soy una niña.
- Use ser de to express origin (where someone is from).
- Examples: Soy de México. ¿Es usted de Panamá?
1.2.I Describing People: Adjectives
- Adjectives describe appearance, size, personality, and other characteristics.
- In Spanish, adjectives change to agree in gender and number with the noun they describe.
- Examples: simpático, simpática, simpáticos, simpáticas
- Adjective Gender:
- Masculine adjectives usually end in -o. To form the feminine, change -o to -a.
- Example: simpático → simpática
- Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant do not change.
- Examples: inteligente, joven
- Masculine adjectives usually end in -o. To form the feminine, change -o to -a.
- Adjective Number:
- To make an adjective plural, follow these rules:
- If it ends in a vowel, add -s.
- Example: simpática → simpáticas
- If it ends in a consonant, add -es.
- Example: joven → jóvenes
- If it ends in a vowel, add -s.
- To make an adjective plural, follow these rules:
1.3.I Expressing Age and Possession: The Verb Tener
- The verb tener usually means "to have."
- Present tense forms of tener:
- yo tengo (I have)
- tú tienes (you have)
- usted/él/ella tiene (you have/he has/she has)
- nosotros/nosotras tenemos (we have)
- vosotros/vosotras tenéis (you have)
- ustedes/ellos/ellas tienen (you have/they have)
- Subject pronouns are used for emphasis or when the subject is unclear.
- Examples: Yo tengo dos hermanas. Ella tiene tres. Tengo dos primos y tres primas.
- To express age, use the expression: tener… años.
- Example: Tess tiene dieciséis años.
- To ask someone's age, use the question: ¿Cuántos años tienes?
1.3.II Expressing Possession: Possessive Adjectives
- Possessive adjectives show ownership.
- Singular possessive adjectives:
- mi (my)
- tu (your, informal)
- su (his, her, your, formal)
- nuestro/nuestra (our)
- vuestro/vuestra (your, informal, plural, Spain)
- Plural possessive adjectives:
- mis (my)
- tus (your, informal)
- sus (his, her, your, formal)
- nuestros/nuestras (our)
- vuestros/vuestras (your, informal, plural, Spain)
- Possessive adjectives agree in number with the noun they accompany.
- Examples: mi hermano, mis dos hermanos
- Nuestro and vuestro also agree in gender with the noun.
- Examples: nuestra hermana, nuestros tíos
- Ownership can also be expressed with the preposition de + noun.
- Examples: la tía de Tess (Tess’s aunt), el perro del señor Grant (Mr. Grant’s dog)
- Contractions:
- de + el = del
- a + el = al
1.4.I Expressing State and Sensation: The Verb Estar
- The verb estar (to be) is used to talk about emotions and temporary conditions.
- Present tense forms of estar:
- yo estoy (I am)
- tú estás (you are)
- usted/él/ella está (you are/he is/she is)
- nosotros/nosotras estamos (we are)
- vosotros/vosotras estáis (you are)
- ustedes/ellos/ellas están (you are/they are)
- Ser vs. Estar:
- Ser describes physical characteristics and personality traits.
- Examples: Yo soy alta. ¿Juan es simpático?
- Estar expresses feelings or temporary physical conditions.
- Examples: Yo estoy contento. ¿Estás cansado?
- Ser describes physical characteristics and personality traits.
Unidad 2: Puerto Rico
2.1.I Identifying Places: Nouns
- Nouns are words for people, animals, places, and things.
- Examples: amigo, perro, casa, mochila
- Gender of Nouns:
- All Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine.
- Nouns ending in -o are usually masculine.
- Examples: el piso, el dormitorio
- Nouns ending in -a are usually feminine.
- Examples: la casa, la cocina
- Nouns ending in -e or consonants can be either masculine or feminine.
- Examples: el garaje, el jardín, la calle, la televisión
- Forming Feminine Nouns (for people):
- Nouns ending in -o: change -o to -a.
- Example: el niño → la niña
- Nouns ending in a consonant: add -a.
- Example: el profesor → la profesora
- Nouns ending in -o: change -o to -a.
- Definite Articles (ways to say "the"):
- Masculine singular: el
- Examples: el padre, el hijo, el abuelo, el tío, el nieto, el primo
- Feminine singular: la
- Examples: la madre, la hija, la abuela, la hermana, la nieta, la sobrina
- Masculine plural: los
- Examples: los abuelos, los tíos, los hermanos
- Feminine plural: las
- Examples: las hijas, las sobrinas, las amigas
- Masculine singular: el
- Memory aid for masculine nouns: L-O-N-E-R-S
- L: el hotel
- O: el bolígrafo
- N: el algodón
- E: el aceite
- R: el calor
- S: el compás
- Memory aid for feminine nouns: D-ION-Z-A
- D: la pared
- ION: la estación
- Z: la luz
- A: la música
- Number of Nouns:
- Nouns can be singular or plural.
- Forming Plural Nouns:
- Nouns ending in a vowel: add -s.
- Example: el edificio → los edificios
- Nouns ending in a consonant: add -es.
- Example: el ascensor → los ascensores
- Nouns ending in a vowel: add -s.
2.1.II Indicating Objects and People: Articles
- Spanish nouns are usually used with an article.
- Articles can be definite (el) or indefinite (un).
- Definite Articles: Equivalent to "the"
- Masculine singular: el
- Example: El niño
- Feminine singular: la
- Example: La niña
- Masculine plural: los
- Example: Los niños
- Feminine plural: las
- Example: Las niñas
- Masculine singular: el
- Indefinite Articles: Equivalent to "a", "an", or "some"
- Masculine singular: un
- Example: Un niño
- Feminine singular: una
- Example: Una niña
- Masculine plural: unos
- Example: Unos niños
- Feminine plural: unas
- Example: Unas niñas
Example: La capital de Puerto Rico es San Juan.
- Example: Unas niñas
- Masculine singular: un
- Indefinite Articles: Equivalent to “a, an, some”
- Masculine singular: un
- Feminine singular: una
- Masculine plural: unos
- Feminine plural: unas
Example: Vivo en un apartamento pequeño.
- Article-Noun Agreement: Articles agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany.
- Examples:
- El niño es alto.
- Los niños son altos.
- Es una niña muy simpática.
- Son unas niñas muy simpáticas.
- Making Nouns Plural:
- Nouns ending in a vowel: add -s (camisas, vecinas, vestidos)
- Nouns ending in a consonant: add -es (relojes, hoteles, actores)
- Nouns ending in -z: change the -z to -c and add -es (lapices, luces)
2.2.I Expressing Existence: The Verb Haber
- The form hay is used to express existence (there is/are).
- Examples: Hay un dormitorio en mi casa. Hay dos ventanas en la sala.
- No hay is equivalent to "there isn't" or "there aren't."
- Examples: No hay dormitorios grandes. No hay jardín en el hotel.
- Questions with hay:
- To ask about the existence of something, use hay.
- Answers usually include Sí or No.
- Example: ¿Hay garaje en la casa?
- Affirmative: Sí, hay un garaje pequeño.
- Negative: No, no hay garaje en la casa.
- To ask how many, use cuánto, cuánta, cuántos, or cuántas + noun + hay.
- The question word agrees in number and gender with the noun.
- Examples: ¿Cuántos dormitorios hay en la casa? ¿Cuántas salas hay en la casa?
- To ask where something can be found, use dónde + hay.
- Example: ¿Dónde hay un garaje?
2.2.II Expressing Location
- Use estar en to say where things are.
Example: El coquí está en el jardín. - The preposition en expresses location and is equivalent to "at," "in," "on," and "inside."
Examples: El coquí está en la sala. El coquí está en la estantería. - Adverbs and Expressions of Location:
- aquí (here)
- ahí (there)
- allí (over there)
Example: ¿DÓNDE ESTÁN LOS COQUÍES?
- Location relative to another object:
- al lado de (next to)
- detrás de (behind)
- delante de (in front of)
- lejos de (far from)
- cerca de (near)
- a la izquierda de (to the left of)
- a la derecha de (to the right of)
- encima de (on top of)
- Contractions:
- a + el = al
- de + el = del
Examples: El coquí está al lado de la flor. El coquí está encima del libro. El coquí está encima de la flor.
2.3.I Regular -ar Verbs: Present Tense
- Infinitives: In Spanish, infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir.
Examples: -AR lavar -ER prender -IR abrir - Regular verbs have a stem and endings.
- To find the stem, remove the -ar, -er, or -ir ending.
Examples: lav -ar × prend -er × abr -ir × - Conjugating Regular -ar Verbs: Example - Verbo Lavar (To Wash). PRESENTE
- yo lavo (I wash)
- tú lavas (you wash)
- usted/él/ella lava (you wash/he washes/she washes)
- nosotros/nosotras lavamos (we wash)
- vosotros/vosotras laváis (you wash)
- ustedes/ellos/ellas lavan (you wash/they wash)
2.3.II Regular -er and -ir Verbs: Present Tense
- Conjugating Regular -er Verbs: Example - Verbo Prender (To Switch On ). PRESENTE
- yo prendo (I switch on)
- tú prendes (you switch on)
- usted/él/ella prende (you switch on/he switches on/she switches on)
- nosotros/nosotras prendemos (we switch on)
- vosotros/vosotras prendéis (you switch on)
- ustedes/ellos/ellas prenden (you switch on/they switch on/they switch on)
- Conjugating Regular -ir Verbs: Example - Verbo Abrir (To Open ). PRESENTE
- yo abro (I open)
- tú abres (you open)
- usted/él/ella abre (you open/he opens/she opens)
- nosotros/nosotras abrimos (we open)
- vosotros/vosotras abrís (you open)
- ustedes/ellos/ellas abren (you open/they open/they open)
2.4.I Expressing Obligation
- Tener que + infinitive: To express an obligation that somebody has.
- Examples: Yo tengo que barrer. Tú tienes que lavar. Él tiene que limpiar. Nosotros tenemos que leer. Vosotros tenéis que escribir. Ellos tienen que cuidar al gato.
- Hay que + infinitive: To express a general obligation without mentioning who must do it.
Example: Hay que pasar la aspiradora. - Adverbs of Frequency: Express how often something is done.
- nunca (never)
- casi nunca (almost never)
- rara vez (rarely)
- a veces (sometimes)
- muchas veces (many times)
- casi siempre (almost always)
- siempre (always)
- todos los días (every day)
0 días al año 365 días al año
- ¿Cuándo…? To ask when something is done
- Example: ¿Cuándo ves la televisión? –Todos los días.
Unidad 3: Guatemala
3.1.I Expressing Movement: The Verb Ir
- Ir a + place: To say where someone is going.
Examples: Voy a la zapatería. Vamos al centro comercial.
Remember: a + el = al. - Irregular verb ir (to go). PRESENTE
- Singular
- yo voy
- tú vas
- usted, él, ella va
- Plural
- nosotros, nosotras vamos
- vosotros, vosotras vais
- ustedes, ellos, ellas van
- Singular
- The verb ir is commonly used in combination with other verbs.
Examples: Tengo que ir a la tienda. Quiero ir a México. - Questions with ir: ¿Adónde + ir?
Examples: ¿Adónde vas? ¿Adónde van las chicas?*
3.1.II Stem-Changing Verbs (e > ie)
- Irregular verbs do not follow typical conjugation patterns.
Example: Ser and tener, for example, are irregular verbs. - Irregular verbs may have changes in the stem or the endings.
Example: To identify the stem of a verb, delete the -ar, -er, -ir endings from the infinitive form. - Some verbs, like cerrar (to close), require a stem change from e to ie. VERBO CERRAR (TO CLOSE). PRESENTE
- Singular
- yo cierro
- tú cierras
- usted, él, ella cierra
- Plural
- nosotros, nosotras cerramos
- vosotros, vosotras cerráis
- ustedes, ellos, ellas cierran
Note: The e > ie stem change affects all the present tense forms except nosotros, nosotras and vosotros, vosotras. This is why these verbs are called “boot” or “shoe” verbs.
- Singular
- Other verbs like cerrar:
- empezar (a) (to begin (to))
- yo empiezo
- entender (to understand)
- yo entiendo
- pensar (to think; to intend to)
- yo pienso
- preferir (to prefer)
- yo prefiero
- querer (to want)
- yo quiero
- empezar (a) (to begin (to))
El gerundio
Remember that the present participle (gerundio) is formed by adding the endings -ando or -iendo to the stem of the verb.
*Example: *trabaj-ar→trabajando hac-er → haciendo escrib-ir →escribiendo*
Verbos irregulares en gerundio. Most present participles are regular. There are several verbs, however, that have e > i or o > u stem changes in the present participle.
- E > I
- competir
- compitiendo
- decir
- diciendo
- medir
- midiendo
- pedir
- pidiendo
- servir
- sirviendo
- vestir
- vistiendo
- competir
- O > U
- dormir
- durmiendo
- morir
- muriendo
- poder
- pudiendo
When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel, the ending -iendo is written -yendo
- pudiendo
- dormir
- leer
- leyendo
- oír
- oyendo
*Example: *Estoy leyendo un libro. Estamos oyendo música.*
El gerundio con pronombres objeto y reflexivos. Object pronouns and reflexive pronouns can either be placed before estar or attached to the present participle.
- oyendo
Luis se está vistiendo. Ellas lo están diciendo.
Luis está vistiéndose. Ellas están diciéndolo.
3.2.I Expressing Likes: The Verb Gustar
- To express likes or dislikes, Spanish uses the verb gustar (to like).
Me gusta la camiseta. No me gusta comprar ropa. - The verb gustar is a regular verb, but usually only two of its forms are used: the singular gusta and the plural gustan.
- The verb gustar does not require a subject pronoun. Instead these object pronouns are used: me, te, le, nos, os, les.
- The meaning of the pronouns can be clarified with the prepositional phrases a mí, a ti, a usted, a él, a ella, a nosotros, a nosotras, a vosotros, a vosotras, a ustedes, a ellos, a ellas.
- To speak about one thing (noun) or about an action (infinitive), use gusta (singular).
¿A Juan le gusta la camisa? No nos gusta ir de compras.*
To speak about two or more things, use gustan (plural). ¿A ti te gustan los guantes? Nos gustan los vestidos. - Singular = gusta
- A mí = me gusta = I like
- A ti = te gusta = you like
- A usted/él/ella = le gusta = you like/he likes/she likes
- A nosotros/as = nos gusta = we like
- A vosotros/as = os gusta = you like
- A ustedes/ellos/ellas = les gusta = you like/they like
- Plural = gustan
- A mí = me gustan = I like
- A ti = te gustan = you like
- A usted/él/ella = le gustan = you like/he likes/she likes
- A nosotros/as = nos gustan = we like
- A vosotros/as = os gustan = you like
- A ustedes/ellos/ellas = les gustan = you like/they like
3.3.I Comparing Objects and People
- Two or more things can be the same (iguales) or different (diferentes).
Estas camisas son iguales. Estos sombreros son diferentes.
*Comparisons can also be made with other adjectives.
Para expresar desigualdad con respecto acerca de una característica, use *más… que* (más… que) o menos… que más (menos… que):
− mas + adjetivo + que
− menos + adjetivo + que
La camisa es más bonita que la blusa. La falda es menos cómoda que los pantalones. - To express equality, use tan… como (as … as):
tan + adjetivo + comoLa camisa es tan estrecha como la blusa.* - Adjetivos de valor comparativo. The adjectives bueno (good) and malo (bad) have their own comparative forms: mejor, mejores (better) and peor, peores (worse).
Este vestido es mejor que esa falda. Esa falda es peor que este vestido.
3.3.II Indicating Objects and People: Demonstratives
- To indicate where something or someone is located in relation to the person speaking, use demonstratives.
- Demonstratives indicate the relative distance from the speaker.
- Formas de los demostrativos. Spanish demonstratives show gender and number. Esa chica es Carmen y aquella es María. Aquellos chicos están contentos. DEMOSTRATIVOS
| Distance from speaker | Masculino | Femenino | Masculino | Femenino |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Near | este | esta | estos | estas |
| At a distance | ese | esa | esos | esas |
| Far away | aquel | aquella | aquellos | aquellas |
- Esto, eso, and aquello are demonstratives, too. Use them to refer to unidentified objects.
¿Qué es esto? (What is this?) ¿Ves eso? (Do you see that?)*
3.4.I Stem-Changing Verbs (o > ue)
In some verbs like poder (to be able to), the o in the stem changes to ue in the present tense.
o > ue poder p uedoThese stem-changing verbs are conjugated as follows. VERBO PODER (TO BE ABLE TO). PRESENTE
Note: The o > ue stem change affects all forms of the present except nosotros, nosotras and vosotros, vosotras.Singular Plural yo puedo tú puedes él/ella puede nosotros podemos vosotros podéis ellos pueden
Other stem-changing verbs like poder are:
contar (to count)
The verb costar (to cost) belongs to the o > ue family. Only the third-person forms are commonly used.
Unidad 4: Peru
4.1.I Expressing Quantity: Adverbs of Quantity
- Some verbs can be modified by a word that expresses quantity. These words are called adverbs of quantity. Here are some examples with the verb gustar:
¿Te gustan las naranjas? Sí, me gustan mucho. ¿Te gustan las bananas? No, no me gustan nada. - Here are the most commonly used adverbs of quantity:
- nada
- poco
- bastante
- mucho
- Adverbs of quantity do not change according to gender and number, and they are usually placed after the verb.
Me gusta mucho el maíz. Le gustan poco las sopas. Me gusta bastante el maracuyá. - The word nada accompanies the verb in the negative form.
No me gusta nada la carne.
4.1.II Expressing Desire, Preference, and Rejection
- Expressing Desire and Preference: The verbs querer and preferir
In Spanish, the verb querer (to want) is used to express desire, and the verb preferir (to prefer) is used to express preference. Él quiere una naranja. Él quiere cenar. Yo prefiero una manzana. Yo prefiero preparar pescado. - Both verbs can be followed either by a noun (una naranja) or by a verb in the infinitive form (preparar).
The verbs querer and preferir have the same stem change as the verb cerrar (e > ie). VERBO QUERER (TO WANT). PRESENTE VERBO PREFERIR (TO PREFER). PRESENTE - To say that you do not like something, you can use gustar in the negative form.
No me gusta el café. No me gusta cenar a las diez de la noche.*
| Pronoun | Querer (to want) | Preferir (to prefer) |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | quiero | prefiero |
| Tú | quieres | prefieres |
| Él/Ella | quiere | prefiere |
| Nosotros | queremos | preferimos |
| Vosotros | queréis | preferís |
| Ellos | quieren | prefieren |
4.2.I Direct Object Pronouns
- The direct object: Many verbs are followed by a complement that indicates who or what receives the action of the verb. This complement is called the direct object (DO).
Juan prepara una pizza. Yo como un helado.
When the direct object refers to people or pets, it is preceded by the “personal a”: Yo quiero a mi madre. María pasea a su perro. - A pronoun can take the place of a direct object that has already been mentioned to avoid repeating the entire complement. PRONOMBRES DE OBJETO DIRECTO
¿Compras tú el pan? Sí, yo lo compro. ¿Ves a Tess y a Patricia? No, no las veo.* - The direct object pronoun is placed before the conjugated verb. If the direct object goes with an infinitive, the pronoun can be attached to the end of the infinitive.
Quiero comprar un helado. Lo quiero comprar. / Quiero comprarlo.
| Pronoun | Masculine (singular) | Feminine (singular) | Masculine (plural) | Feminine (plural) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lo | la | los | las |
4.3.I Verbs Irregular in the First Person
- Some verbs are irregular in the present tense only in the first person (the yo form): for example, hacer (to make / to do), poner (to put), traer (to bring), and salir (to leave).
VERBOS HACER, PONER, TRAER Y SALIR. PRESENTE*
| Subject | Hacer (to make/do) | Poner (to put) | Traer (to bring) | Salir (to leave) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yo | hago | pongo | traigo | salgo | |
| Tú | haces | pones | traes | sales | |
| Él/Ella | hace | pone | trae | sale | |
| Nosotros | hacemos | ponemos | traemos | salimos | |
| Vosotros | hacéis | ponéis | traéis | salís | |
| Ellos | hacen | ponen | traen | salen | |
| conocer (to know) | |||||
| saber (to know) | |||||
| ver (to see) | |||||
| yo conozco, tú conoces, él conoce… etc.. | |||||
| The verb hacer is used to talk about what you usually make or do. | |||||
| Juan hace ensalada los martes.* | |||||
| The verb salir is usually followed by the preposition de when it means to leave a place.
Ellos salen de la escuela. | |||||
| The verb saber preceding an infinitive means to know how (to do something). Nosotros sabemos poner la mesa. | |||||
4.3.II Indirect Object Pronouns |
The indirect object: Many verbs with a direct object have a complement that indicates for whom the action is performed or who benefits from it. This complement is the indirect object (IO). The indirect object can be a noun with the preposition a (a Juan) or a pronoun (nos). Ana compra una camisa a Juan. El chef nos prepara la comida. DO IO IOP DO
- Sometimes for emphasis or for clarification, we use two indirect objects in the same sentence—an expression with the preposition a (a mí, a Carlos) and the pronoun.
A mí me gusta mucho el ceviche. A Carlos le gusta el jugo de naranja. IO IOP IO IOP* - Indirect object pronouns are the same as those used with the verb gustar: PRONOMBRES DE OBJETO INDIRECTOIndirect object pronouns are placed before the conjugated verb or are attached to the infinitive, like the direct object pronouns.
Carlos me trae el desayuno. ¿Puedes traernos la carta, por favor?*
| Pronoun | Meaning |
|---|---|
| me | to/for me |
| te | to/for you (informal) |
| le | to/for him, her, you (formal) |
| nos | to/for us |
| os | to/for you (informal plural, mostly in Spain) |
| les | to/for them, you (plural) |
4.4.I Stem-Changing Verbs (e > i)
Some irregular verbs like pedir (to ask for) require an e to i stem change in the present tense.
e > i pedir pido
Verbs with this irregularity are conjugated as follows: VERBO PEDIR (TO ASK FOR ). PRESENTE Note: The e > i stem change affects all subjects except nosotros, nosotras and vosotros, vosotras.
| ---------- | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| yo | pido | |
| tú | pides | |
| él/ella | pide | |
| nosotros | pedimos | |
| vosotros | pedís | |
| ellos | piden | |
| *Other verbs conjugated like pedir are: | ||
| compete (to compete) | ||
| measure (to measure) | ||
| repeat (to repeat) | ||
| serve (to serve) | ||
| yo competencia, tú competir, él competente… ETC* |