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Blood Review

Know the function/characteristics of each term

Plasma

  • liquid portion of the blood that is yellow

  • makes up 55% of blood

  • contains anticoagulants (anti-clotting factors) and fibrogen that is an anti clotting factor that

  • matrix that surrounds blood cells

Hemoglobin

  • globin protein that is in red blood cells only

  • delivers oxygen around the body through the bloodstream to tissues and cells

Opsonization (game of tag)

  • pathogens are coated with molecules like antibodies or complement proteins to make them easier for phagocytes (macrophages & neutrophils) to recognize and engulf

  • like playing tag the invader so immune cells can quickly spot and destroy it

Hematopoiesis

  • making new blood cells

  • all blood cells come from stem cells in the red bone marrow and then they differentiate into erythrocytes, leukocytes

Antibody

  • a protein that is found in the plasma of the blood

  • attacks foreign antigens that are non self chemicals

Antigen

  • protein that is located on the surface of a white blood cell that

Fibrin

  • clotting factor that activates when

Clotting factor

  • something that causes clotting- multiple blood cells sticking together to block a blood vessel and reduce blood flow

Prothrombin

Thrombin

What are the jobs of the following cells? What about their biology makes them well suited for what they do?

Erythrocyte

  • red blood cells

  • delivery oxygen throughout the body through the hemoglobin protein that they have

Leukocyte

  • white blood cells

  • aid in immune response- attack foreign antigens and non-self chemicals and causes clotting to speed up healing process

              Eosinophil

              Lymphocyte

  • carries out the most immune responses

              Neutrophil

  • most common

              Basophil  

  • rare       

              Monocyte

Platelets

  • clotting factor in the blood

  • causes vascular spasm, ____, and ____ in the clotting process

 

 

 

 

 

What are the three primary functions of blood and how are they accomplished?

 1. distribute materials such as oxygen, hormones, nutrients, and water.

  • oxygen - blood distributes oxygen through the hemoglobin; oxygen is released from hemoglobin in rbcs and diffuses into tissues;

  • energy - rbcs make their own energy/ATP through lactic acid fermentation and distribute the energy throughout the body.

  • hormones are carried out to their target tissues through the bloodstream.

  1. regulates temperature, ph/acid levels, hormones, and fluid pressure/swelling.

  • temperature - blood regulates temperature through the flow of blood movement. vasoconstriction is when the blood vessels tighten up and conserves heat for the body, regulating the body’s core temperature and making you feel cooler. vasodilation is when blood vessels open up more and become wider, so more blood is flowing throughout the vessels and heat is being released into the air making you feel warm

  • ph/acid levels - buffers and water in the blood regulate acid by neutralizing them

  • fluid pressure/swelling - plasma proteins in the blood pulls water back into capillaries so that water does not build up in the tissues or leak to cause swelling

  1. blood protects the immune system and aids in clotting.

  • immune system - white blood cells detect foreign antigens and non self chemicals in the blood, attach to them, and destroy them with antibodies. the immune system also has a memory; after exposure to an antigen your body will remember what antibodies are made to attack that antigen

  • clotting - the blood vessel that is responsible for the blood vessel / the one that got damaged will spasm and constrict their smooth muscle; this is vasoconstriction where the blood vessels tighten up as a protective reaction to

 

What adaptations allow erythrocytes to deliver as much oxygen as possible to body tissues?

red blood cells do not have a nucleus and are round and flexible, so they have more space to carry more oxygen throughout the body. they also do not use oxygen for respiration or expels their oxygen out of the body; instead, red blood cells use their oxygen for lactic acid fermentation to create their own energy and give the body more ATP.

 

What is the ultimate cause of sickle-cell anemia? Compare and contrast this to classic anemia.

 the ultimate cause of sickle cell anemia is when a person has both sickle cell traits, causing their red blood cells to sickle in shape and cause clotting due to it being irregular and not fitting well into the blood vessels for traveling. classic anemia is when you do not have functional hemoglobin and you have a lack of red blood cells; this causes a lack of iron and symptoms of dizziness and fatigue due to also the lack of oxygen as well.

 

How can a differential white blood cell count help in the diagnosis of infection?

 differential white blood cell count, as seen in a complete blood count, is when the composition of your blood is counted all together. it call help in the diagnosis of infection because the proportions of all the things that make up the blood is measured; there should be 55% percent plasma in the blood, significantly more red blood cells than white blood cells, a less than 1% of the blood should be made of platelets. having a difference in in these proportions can indicate infection.

 

Where are blood cells made? How are they made?

 blood cells are made in the red bone marrow. idk how they are made

 

Why is it dangerous to give a transfusion to someone without knowing their blood type?

 the red blood cells in blood have antigens in them that determine the blood type, and each blood type and antigen develops and has antibodies that attack and destroy foreign antigens. if two blood types are transfused together and they are not compatible, then agglutination/clotting can occur in the blood and cause blood cells in vessels to pile up; this can lead to a stroke, heart attack, or a deep vein thrombosis

 

Why is Rh factor important to consider in family planning?

rh factor is important to consider if family planning to know if partners have compatible blood types, or if one person has antibodies to the other person’s blood type; this is important to know for 

 

What are the major steps leading to the formation (and eventual degradation) of a blood clot?

vascular spasm

What is a hemotocrit, plasma and cell proprotion / what they indicate?

a hemotrit is a measure of all the components of the blood together. it includes the plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. more plasma than cells means dehydration, and more cells than plasma means that there is anemia. a significant amount of white blood cells than the regular range can indicate leukemia.

What cells are used to identify a person?

white blood cells are used to identify a person because they have a nucleus and nucleus has DNA

What is sickle cell anemia and malaria, how are they correlated, and how are their prevelances related?

What is diapedesis?

What animals have anticoagulants in their salivary glands and what does it do?