Bio 101 Unit 1-5

Unit 1- Science

Intuition - Instinctive

Conjecture - the formation or expression of an opinion or hypothesis w/out sufficient evidence

Stellar parallax - The apparent shift of the position of any nearby star against the background of distant objects.

Execute an experiment

  1. Use experience
  2. Form Conjecture
  3. Deduce prediction from data
  4. Test

Unit 2 - Chemistry

 Matter- anything that has weight (gravity) and takes up space. {All living things are composed of matter}

How many elements are there? - 92 naturally made elements.

Element- a substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by ordinary chemical reactions.

Oxygen, Nitrogen and carbon - O, N, C

Atoms have subatomic particles

  • protons- Inside
  • Neutrons- inside
  • Electrons- outside

PROTONS-  

  • Located in the nucleus
  • Positive charge
  • Mass of 1.7x10^-24

NEUTRONS-

ELECTRONS-

  • Negative objects
  • Located on the outside of the neucleus
  • Mass is 1/2000 of a p/n
  • Very light (mass/weight isi negligible)

Atomic number- protons

Atomic weight/mass

The number of protons + the number of neutrons in the atomic neuclus

Proton and electron are- always the same number

Isotopes- atoms of an element that have a different number of neutrons

Carbon has- 3 different isotopes

Atomic weight- add both together

All compounds- are molecules

Valence electrons- around the outer

COVALENT BONDS-  

-Covalent bonds occur when atom share pairs of electrons to complete their valence shells

Types of covalent bonds- Single, double and triple (the strongest).

A dashed line- means its a covalent bond

Ex: C-H

NONPOLAR AND POLAR COVALENT BONDS:

Nonpolar- atoms share pairs of electrons equally

Polar- atoms are not shared equally

ELECTRONEGATIVITY- the term used to describe how strongly an atom attracts electrons.

HYDROGEN BONDS-

-Weak secondary bonds that form between polar molecules or between polar molecules and ions

- interact briefly

-DNA molecules

-Little dots are hydrogen bonds

-holds proteins together in particular shapes

IONIC BONDS-

-OCCUR BETWEEN OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS

-ions are atoms that are charged because they have lost or gained an electron

ELECTROMAGNETISM

Holds everything together for ionic and hydrogen bonds so they’re the same but ionic bonds get by sharing bonds

Carbon always forms covalent bonds

Unit 3 -Water

Water at any given time is made up of H+ and OH- ions

Cohesion- causes water to have a high surface tension because of water’s ability to stick to itself, due to hydrogen bonds

Adhesion- is the ability of different molecules to hydrogen bond to each other

Surface Tension- hydrogen bonds on the surface of water that forms a film

Specific Heat- different molecules heat up at different rates, and different materials store different amounts of heat energy

Evaporative Cooling- helps maintain the temperatures of ponds and lakes on hot days as well as terrestrial animals during sweating; occurs because of high heat of vaporization

Heat of Vaporization- the quantity of heat that must be absorbed when 1 gram of a liquid is converted to a gas

Hydrogen bonds

  • water expands as it freezes because of hydrogen bonding
  • hydrogen bonds form solid structures, allowing ice to float in water

Solvent- is a substance that can dissolve another substance

  • water is an excellent solvent because of its polarity and hydrogen bonds

Solutes- the salts or other substances that are dissolved into water

Hydrophilic- water loving

Hydrophobic- water fearing

pH- power of hydrogen

  • measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions

Unit 4 - Carbon Atoms

Vitalism Hypothesis - Organic molecules cannot come from inorganic things → disproven

Isomers - same number of atoms, but different arrangements

Structural isomers - have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

Functional groups

Methyl → CH3

Hydroxyl →  -O-H

  • Forms alcohols

Carbonyl → C=O

  • Aldehydes
  • KEtones
  • Acetone is a simple ketone

Carboxyl → COOH (OH-C=O)

  • Found on amino acids
  • Simple acids like vinegar-acetic
  • CH3COOH
  • Usually Hydrophilic

Amino Group → NH2

  • Amines
  • Found on Amino Acids
  • Usually basic pH
  • *Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein

Sulfhydryl → SH–

  • Forms sulfhydryl bridges in protein

Phosphate → PO4

  • Found in ATP
  • DNA

Unit 5 - Biological Molecules

Sugar - CxH2xOx

  1. Carbohydrates or sugars

→ Monosaccharides or simple sugars

→ Disaccharides or two simple sugars covalently bound

→ Polysaccharides which are many simple sugars covalently bound

Disaccharides - lactose

Polysaccharides - complex carbohydrates ex. Starch

  • Starch is a storage polysaccharide for plants composed of glucose monomers
  • Cellulose is fibre

Lipids (Fats)

-Composed of mostly hydrocarbons

-Hydrophobic compounds

Glycerol

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Fatty acids

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  • Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids to make triglycerides
  • Fats are either unsaturated (Double bond) or saturated (no double bond)
  • Main function is for energy, storage, and insulation

Saturated - bad & more hydrogens → forms straight/pact molecules

  • Technically this means the fatty acid tails do not have double bonds in them
  • This allows atoms to get to one another and form solids @ room temperature

Unsaturated - good & double bonds

*Major function of fat is energy storage & insulation

Phospholipids

  • start like a triglyceride
  • Remove one fatty acid tail
  • Substitute of a phosphate group

Proteins- composed of amino acids covalently bound (complex)

-Formed in a complex set of reactions called protein synthesis

-They are programmed by genes

Functions:

  • Storage
  • Transport
  • Hormones
  • Movement
  • Defense
  • ENZYMES (most important function.) breaks down things
  • composed of 20 different amino acids

Primary level of organization

  • The sequence of the amino acid protein is determined by genes

Secondary level of organization in a protein

  • Hydrogen bonding between amino acids creates folds & pleats which give the protein shape and dimension

Tertiary Structure

  • Develops as a result of hydrophobic & hydrophilic interactions between R groups in a protein

Quaternary Structure

  • The number of polypeptide chains that produce the fully functional protein

Nucleic Acids

  • Gives information

DNA(genes) →RNA→Proteins    

Nucleotides are hooked together using covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the PO4 of the next nucleotide

3 parts of a nucleotide

  1. PO4 (Phosphate)
  2. Sugar
  3. Nitrogenous base

DNA nucleotides

  • PO4
  • Deoxyribose sugar
  • Bases (A - Adenine, T - Thymine, C - cytosine, G - Guanine)

DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell & cannot leave the nucleus

RNA nucleotides

  • PO4
  • Ribose sugar
  • Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
  • Uracil is substituted for Thymine
  • There is NO Thymine in RNA
  1. Amino acid in correct order
  2. Ball up with hydrogen bonds on the amino group to the carboxyl group
  3. Ball up with hydrogen bonds on R groups
  4. Ball up balls together