Module 4 Routing Technologies & Load Balancing Review

Module Overview

  • Module 4: Routing Technologies & Load Balancing

    • Lesson 1: Configuring Basic Router and Cisco Router

    • Lesson 2: Static Routing

    • Lesson 3: RIP Next Generation

    • Lesson 4: EIGRP and EIGRPv6

    • Lesson 5: OSPFv2 and OSPFv3

Module Objectives

  • By the end of this module, students should be able to:

    1. Configure Basic Router and Cisco Router

    2. Configure Static Routing

    3. Configure RIP Next Generation

    4. Configure EIGRP

    5. Configure OSPF

Overview of Routing

  • Routing is the process of moving packets of data from source to destination.

  • Application of routing principles can be found in:

    • Circuit-switched networks

    • Computer networks

  • Router: A specialized device that performs routing. It reads headers of packets to determine the intended destination, using the routing table to determine the appropriate route.

  • Routing Techniques:

    • Static Routing: Manually added routes to the routing table, with advantages in security and reduced CPU overhead.

    • Default Routing: Configured to send all packets towards a single router, typically used with stub routers.

    • Dynamic Routing: Automatically adjusts routes based on current network status, making it easier to configure and effective at selecting the best route.

Configuring Basic Router

Router Modes

  1. User Mode (Router>): Limited command access.

  2. Privileged Mode (Router#): Allows access to configuration commands.

  3. Global Configuration Mode (Router(config)#): Start configuring the router.

  4. Interface Mode (Router(config-if)#): Configures specific interface settings.

  5. Line Mode (Router(config-line)#): Configuring terminal line interfaces.

  6. Subinterface Mode (Router(config-subif)#): Configuring subinterfaces.

Configuring a Router Name

  • Command: Router(config)#hostname [name]

    • Example: Router(config)#hostname Cisco

Configuring Passwords

  • Commands:

    • Set Enable Password: Router(config)#enable password cisco

    • Set Enable Secret Password: Router(config)#enable secret class

    • Set Console Line Password:

    • Router(config)#line console 0

    • Router(config-line)#password [password]

    • Router(config-line)#login

    • Set VTY Password:

    • Router(config)#line vty 0 4

    • Router(config-line)#password [password]

    • Router(config-line)#login

  • Encryption: Default practice is to use only enable secret passwords since they are encrypted.

Interface Configuration

  • Set an Interface Description:

    • Command example: Router(config-if)#description [description text]

  • Assign IP Addresses:

    • Command structure: Router(config-if)#ip address [ip_address] [subnet_mask]

  • Activate Interface:

    • Command: Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Troubleshooting Commands

  • To view configurations:

    • Router#show running-config

    • Router#show ip interface brief

Static Routing

  • Static Routing Definition: Manual configuration of routes that do not adjust automatically to network changes.

  • Advantages:

    • Simple implementation.

    • Most secure since routes are not shared.

    • No resource overhead.

  • Disadvantages:

    • Not suitable for larger networks.

    • Route failures require manual updates.

Configuring a Static Route

  • Example Commands:

    • Router(config)#ip route [destination_network] [subnet_mask] [next_hop]

    • e.g., Router(config)#ip route 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.2

  • Permanent Static Routes: Use the permanent keyword to retain routes in the routing table even if the interface goes down.

  • Administrative Distance: The reliability score of the route; static routes have an AD of 1 by default.

RIP Next Generation

  • RIP: Routing Information Protocol, typically used for smaller networks.

  • Versions: RIPv1 sends the routing table every 30 seconds, while RIPv2 includes subnet mask and uses multicast for updates.

Implementing RIPng:

  • To enable RIPng:

    • Command: Router(config)#ipv6 unicast routing

    • Configure interface with: Router(config-if)#ipv6 rip [name] enable

Verifying RIPng

  • Command examples for troubleshooting and verification of RIPng routes:

    • Router#show ipv6 rip

    • Router#debug ipv6 rip

EIGRP and EIGRPv6

  • EIGRP: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, a Cisco-proprietary protocol.

  • Unique Features:

    • Utilizes DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) for route selection.

    • Supports multiple protocols: IP, AppleTalk, IPX.

    • Provides faster convergence and better loop handling compared to classic IGRP.

Neighborship Requirements

  • Must exchange hello packets, match AS numbers, and K-values for establishing neighbor relations.

OSPFv2 and OSPFv3

  • OSPF: Open Shortest Path First, a link-state protocol that is vendor-neutral.

  • Advantages:

    • Loop-free topology, supports multiple areas.

    • Provides load balancing and fast convergence.

  • Configuration Steps:

    1. Enable OSPF: Router(config)#router ospf [process_ID]

    2. Specify networks: Router(config-router)#network [network] [wildcard_mask] area [area_number]

Example OSPF Configuration Commands

  • Router(config)#router ospf 1

  • Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

Conclusion

  • Module Summary: Covered setup, configuration, and various routing protocols critical for managing and troubleshooting network routing effectively.

  • Further Instructions: Engage with labs and practical exercises to reinforce understanding of routing configurations.

  • Contact for Assistance: Reach professors for challenges or clarifications via provided phone numbers.

  • Good luck and happy learning!