Common Computing Devices

Common Computing Devices

Objectives

Upon completion of this unit, you will be able to:

• Describe the basics of how a computer processes data.

• Describe the functions and capabilities of types of computing devices, such as PCs, servers, mobiles, and home automation.

Syllabus Objectives and Content Examples

• 1.3 Illustrate the basics of computing and processing.

  • Input

  • Processing

  • Output

  • Storage

• 2.6 Compare and contrast common computing devices and their purposes.

  • Mobile phones

  • Tablets

  • Laptops

  • Workstations

  • Servers

  • Gaming consoles

  • IoT (Home appliances, Home automation devices, Thermostats, Security systems, Modern cars, IP cameras, Streaming media devices, Medical devices)

Information Technology (IT)

An Information Technology (IT) system processes, stores, and transfers information. Information can be words, numbers, pictures, sound, or video, represented using binary digits (1 and 0). When stored and processed, information is referred to as data. IT includes computers, telecommunications networks, and programmable electronic devices. The term ICT (Information and Communications Technology) is often used.

The effective use of information defines the 21st century. Computers and software enable faster data processing and task performance. IT systems are flexible and can perform various tasks. IT networks, like the Internet, allow quick information sharing.

Computer Hardware and Software

A computer manipulates data according to instructions. Three elements are required for a computer to perform useful tasks: hardware, software, and a user.

• Hardware: Devices and components of a computer system, contained within the computer's case. Peripheral devices connect to the computer for input and output.

• Software: Instructions (computer programs) followed by a computer. The Operating System (OS) establishes a basic software environment. Software applications extend the computer's capabilities.

• User: The user controls the computer system via a software interface by inputting information and selecting commands.

Basics of Computing and Processing

Components act as interfaces. Input/output hardware (mouse, monitor) provides an interface between the user and the computer. This is how it generally works:

• When a user selects a command (e.g., clicking an icon), the software application receives the command and converts it into a series of instructions using the operating system. The instructions are stored in the system memory, known as Random Access Memory (RAM).

• When a user types or scans a picture, the input is converted to digital data and stored in memory.

• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) retrieves each instruction or data file from memory and processes it.

• The CPU writes the result back to memory and directs other components, such as updating the display or saving data to a disk.

All instructions and data processed by a computer are represented as strings of 1s and 0s, which are represented as on/off states in transistors within the CPU and RAM. A CPU can process billions of these binary instructions per second.

Input, Output, Processing, and Storage

The movement of data through a computer system includes:

• Input: The computer receives data from the user via peripheral devices like mice, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and microphones.

• Processing: Data is written to memory and manipulated by the CPU, based on instructions from the OS and application software.

• Output: Processed data is shown or played to the user via output devices such as a monitor or loudspeaker system.

• Storage: Data is written to storage devices like hard disks or optical discs. Data in system memory is only preserved while the power is on. Computers also network to exchange data, which is considered a separate function.

Personal Computers (PC)

The term "Personal Computer" generally applies to versions of the IBM PC, developed in 1981, based on a microprocessor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) designed by Intel (x86 architecture). This was operated directly by the end user and was fundamentally different from mainframes.

Most workstation and laptop personal computers are still based on the IBM PC design and x86 platform and Microsoft's Windows OS. However, personal computers have become smaller, more portable devices like tablets and smartphones that can use different hardware platforms and operating systems. The growth of the Internet leads to an Internet of Things (IoT).

Desktop and Workstation Computers

A workstation PC is housed in a case that can sit on or under a desk, referred to as desktop PCs. A desktop computer can be used independently by a single user to run software applications. It can also be used as a network client to access shared resources. Includes case, input components (keyboard and mouse), and output components (display, speakers, printer).

Often the terms PC, desktop computer, and workstation are used interchangeably. Workstation often refers to a powerful desktop computer.

Some PC components attach to a motherboard within the computer's case. Peripheral devices connect to the motherboard via ports. Essential peripherals include a mouse, keyboard, and monitor. Optional peripherals include speakers, a microphone, and a printer.

The basic design can be modified with different components and features. Workstations with higher specification components can process data faster. The computer's performance is determined by:

• The speed of the CPU determines the basic speed of the computer.

• More system memory makes it possible to run more applications simultaneously and process large amounts of data more quickly.

• The capacity of the main storage drive determines how much data can be stored on the computer when it is switched off.

• Optional components extend the range of things the computer can do.

• The quality of peripherals such as the display, mouse, and keyboard make the computer more comfortable to use (ergonomics).

The type and speed of the main storage drive also impact system speed. Solid-state drives work much more quickly than legacy hard drives. The graphics subsystem is also an important performance factor.

Desktop PCs can be purchased as "all-in-one" units where the computer components are contained within the monitor case.

Servers

A server is a computer providing services to other computers, usually implying a powerful computer that supports multiple users in a computer network. Servers use the same type of components as desktops, but more powerful and reliable. If a server stops working, many users may not be able to do their jobs leading to fault tolerance, achieved by specifying high-quality components and using extra copies of components for redundancy.

Server systems are designed to be easy to expand and upgrade. They often use a special type of case designed to fit into a steel rack shelving system.

The term "server" can refer to hardware or software. A hardware server may run web servers, email servers, database servers, authentication servers, etc.

Laptops

A laptop computer integrates the display, system components, and input/output devices within a single, portable case (or chassis). Distinctive features of a laptop computer, including the built-in screen, Integrated keyboard, touchpad pointer control, and I/O ports (on both sides and rear of chassis).

The main features distinguishing laptops from desktop PCs are:

• Size and weight: Laptops weigh between 1 and 4 kg (2–9 lbs).

• Display type: Laptops use flat-panel display technologies to provide lightweight, slimline screens (sizes range between 11–14", 15–16", and 17"+).

• Input devices: Integrated keyboard, touchpad (instead of mouse), and/or a touchscreen.

• Power source: Can be run from internal battery packs or building power.

• Components: Smaller, lighter, and power-efficient CPU, RAM, and graphics components than desktop versions.

• Networking: Laptops use wireless radio technologies rather than cabled connections.

Small laptops can also be described as notebooks and subnotebooks, while bigger models are often called "desktop replacements." The term Ultrabook is used for laptops meeting a particular Intel specification for performance, size/weight, and battery life. There are also hybrid laptops that can be used like a tablet as well as like a traditional laptop.

PC and Laptop Vendors

Most companies producing PCs and laptops are referred to as Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM). They source components such as CPUs and RAM modules from manufacturers and assemble them as a branded PC system.

Global PC manufacturing is dominated by Dell, Hewlett-Packard (HP)/Compaq, Lenovo (previously IBM's PC division), Acer, and Huawei. Samsung, Sony, Toshiba, and Asus are also strong in the laptop and hybrid markets. Apple ships Macintosh computers with a different OS (Apple Mac OS) and a different hardware platform. Chromebooks are laptops built to run Chrome OS and interface primarily with Google's web apps.

The market for server computers is dominated by Dell, HP Enterprise (HPE), and Lenovo.

Mobile Devices

Many uses of PCs and laptops have been superseded by smaller personal or specialized devices.

Smartphones and Tablets

A smartphone is a device with the same functionality as a personal computer that can be held in one hand. Modern smartphones use touchscreen displays and have a screen size between 4.5" and 5.7".

Smartphones sized between the 5" and 7" form factors are often called phablets.

Many Windows mobile devices adopt a hybrid approach where a laptop can be converted into a tablet by flipping the screen. Microsoft's Surface Pro tablet is available with a detachable keyboard. Other vendors produce "two-in-one" devices that function as a laptop and a tablet.

The main smartphone and tablet vendors are Apple and Samsung. Other vendors include LG, HTC, Huawei, Motorola/Lenovo, Microsoft, Nokia, Sony, and Amazon.

Internet of Things (IoT) Devices

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to things embedded with processing and networking functionality. These can range from motor vehicles and washing machines to clothing and birthday cards.

Home Automation

Anything from a clock to an alarm system or a refrigerator can be controlled over the Internet by home automation software if the appliance or device is "smart." A hub usually sits at the heart of this automation, controlled using voice recognition systems and smartphone apps.

Major vendors include Amazon (Alexa), Samsung (S Voice), Apple (Siri), and Logitech (Google Assistant).

Ensuring compatibility between the networking or communications standards supported by the hub and the appliances is critical, including Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, ZigBee, or Bluetooth LE.

Specific home automation product categories include:

• Thermostats: Monitor and adjust HVAC controls from an app installed on your phone.

• Security systems: Monitor and control alarms, locks, lighting, and videophone entry systems remotely.

• Internet Protocol (IP) cameras: record in real time, store to an Internet server direct upload and sync to cloud storage for remote monitoring.

• Home appliances: Check the contents of your refrigerator from your smartphone or start the washing machine cycle remotely.

• Streaming media: Play content stored on a storage device through any smart speaker or TV connected to the home network.

Modern Cars and Drones

Modern motor vehicles use electronics. As well as computer systems to control the vehicle's engine and brakes, there may be embedded systems for in-vehicle entertainment and navigation (sat-nav) using Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Some vehicles are fitted with a "black box" or event data recorder that can log telemetry (acceleration, braking, and position).

There are also systems for automatic collision detection and avoidance and parking assist. Companies are experimenting with fully-automated self-driving vehicles.

Another sector is that of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), from full-size fixed-wing aircraft to smaller multi-rotor hover drones.

Medical Devices

Medical devices use electronics to remotely monitor and configure the appliance. This includes portable devices such as cardiac monitors/defibrillators and insulin pumps. Doctors and nurses can remotely monitor a patient and adjust dosage levels or other settings without the patient having to visit the care provider.

Gaming Consoles

A gaming console contains many of the same components as a workstation: powerful CPUs and graphics processors, plus Ethernet and Wi-Fi. Web cameras and microphones are also available as peripherals. A console is operated by a gaming pad rather than a keyboard and mouse, using an HD (High Definition) TV for a display.

The market is dominated by Sony (PlayStation), Microsoft (Xbox), and Nintendo (Wii and Switch).

There are also handheld game consoles, such as Nintendo's 3DS and Switch, connect to the Internet or other consoles.

Review Questions

• True or false? All types of computers use CPU and system memory.

• What type of computer is most likely to need peripheral devices?

• What type of computer is best suited for using in a job where you have to make notes and be able to move around easily?

• Why don't laptops make good servers?

• Why isn't a smartphone a good tool for writing a report?

• What type(s) of IoT appliance are less likely to be controlled via a home automation hub?

Using a Workstation

Objectives

Upon completion of this unit, you will be able to:

• Set up a computer system with regard for safety and healthy working practices.

• Navigate an OS and use input devices effectively.

Syllabus Objectives and Content Examples

This unit does not cover specific exam domain objectives or content examples.

Setting up a PC System

Consider the following when installing a computer system:

• Is the environment suitable for the computer? Dust, dirt, heat (or extreme cold), and dampness can be very damaging to computers.

• Is the installation safe for yourself and passers-by? The main risks associated with computer equipment are electrical and trip hazards.

• Is the installation healthy to use? Improper use of computers, notably the mouse and keyboard, is associated with a number of health risks.

Setting up a Personal Computer

Perform the following when setting up a computer:

1. If the computer has just been delivered, check the contents of the box, read the instruction manual, and allow at least 30–60 minutes for the components to adjust to room temperature to prevent condensation.

2. Read the manufacturer's setup and safety guidelines and plan the installation of the computer to comply with them.

3. Position the monitor and system unit so that cables can be tucked away neatly and do not cross any walkways. Protect your back when lifting heavy objects. Ensure that objects on a desk are not at risk of toppling.

4. Ensure adequate airflow around the monitor, system unit, and larger peripherals.

5. Check that the screen is not exposed to excessive glare from windows or lighting and that equipment is not in direct sunlight.

6. Adjust the monitor, chair, and position of the mouse and keyboard for comfortable use.

7. Connect each peripheral to the computer using an appropriate cable. Inspect cables and connectors for damage. Use cable management features to keep wiring tidy and avoid trip hazards.

8. Connect the power cables from the monitor, system unit, and any peripherals to electrical outlets. Check that cables are undamaged and plugs are fitted with the correct fuse rating. Ensure the electrical outlets are not overloaded.

9. Switch on peripherals then switch on the system unit.

Start a computer by pressing the power switch marked by the following symbol: power symbol. If the computer does not start, check the power cable and socket.

Setting up a Laptop

Follow the same basic principles. Read the instruction manual and let the system acclimatize. Insert the battery pack and connect the laptop to the building power supply using the supplied AC adapter to charge the battery.

Use the power key and wait for the laptop to start.

Ergonomic Concepts

Ergonomics is the study of factors affecting the performance of people at work. A poor working environment can cause health problems and decrease productivity.

Proper Keyboard and Mouse Placement

Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) occurs when the same task is carried out repeatedly for a long period, making use of the same muscles continuously. Symptoms include muscle pain, numbness, tingling, prickly heat, and loss of strength.

RSI has been linked with the use of keyboards and mice. When using a mouse, keep your wrist straight and rest your palm on the body of the mouse. When using a keyboard, keep your forearms parallel with the keyboard. Learn to touch-type. Avoid working with bent wrists, hunching your shoulders or bending forward, and take frequent breaks.

Ergonomically-designed keyboards and molded mice reduce strain injury. Using a mouse mat makes mouse action smoother.

Sitting Position and Monitor Placement

Sitting in a poor position can cause back pain. Monitors should be adjustable, and chairs should provide support for the back and neck. Sit up straight with the top of the monitor at or slightly below eye level. Rest your feet flat on the floor and keep your thighs parallel with the floor. Keep your forearms level with the desk.

Avoid hunching your shoulders forward and take frequent breaks to stretch your arms and legs.

Use a copyholder to position source text at eye-level rather than flat on the desk.

Navigating an OS

The main function of an operating system such as Microsoft Windows is to provide a stable environment for different software applications to work together. The operating system controls access to the computer hardware. An OS provides tools for configuring the hardware, file management tools, and utilities.

Tasks to master include signing in to Windows, starting applications, and using the features of the desktop.

Signing in to Windows

The computer performs a Power-On Self-Test (POST) and then loads Windows. A screen prompting you to sign in is displayed.

A sign-in means changes are saved as personal settings and may give access to network resources. At work, you are given a sign-in ID (username and password) by the IT Department. At home, you will create user accounts. Use a password that only you know so you are authenticated as the valid owner of the computer account.

1. When Windows 10 has loaded, the Lock Screen is displayed. Press a key, click the mouse, or swipe.

2. The sign-in prompt displays the last user account. Click the account icon.

3. Type your password. The password is case-sensitive.

4. Click the arrow button or press ENTER.

Windows will start and display the desktop.

Windows 10 uses a feature called Windows Hello to provide support for sign in by using a PIN or by using biometrics, such as fingerprint scanning or facial recognition. You can configure Windows Hello in Settings.

Using the Desktop and Taskbar

The desktop contains tools to start and switch between software applications. The desktop contains shortcut icons to open applications, folders, and files.

The taskbar manages open windows (applications and files). It is usually positioned at the bottom of the desktop and may only appear when you point the mouse at the bottom of the screen.

If the taskbar is not locked, it can be dragged to different sides of the screen and resized. The Automatically hide the taskbar in desktop mode setting makes the taskbar disappear unless the cursor is pointing at it.

When you run applications, each program appears as an icon on the taskbar. Click the icons to switch between windows. Alternatively, hold the ALT key then press TAB to cycle through the windows or swipe from the left edge on a touch-enabled screen. Click the Task View button to list running programs, located to the right of the search box on the taskbar.

Each icon has a shortcut menu to close the program or access recently used documents. Pointing at an icon shows a preview of any open windows. Right-clicking an icon exposes a context menu.

The taskbar also contains "pinned" icons for frequently used programs. Pinned items always remain on the taskbar. A program with open windows is shown with a highlight. Add, remove, or reposition pinned items by dragging and dropping.

The Notification Area displays the current time and icons for programs that run without a window. These icons have shortcut menus for enabling, disabling, and configuring the related application or setting. Configure what displays in the notification area and control application notification settings.

On a touchscreen, swiping in from the right of the screen is another way of showing notifications.