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Chapter 01 _ Introduction to the Body

Introduction to the Body

Page 2

Learning Objectives Lesson 1.1: Introduction to the Body (1 of 2)

  • Define key terms:

    • Anatomy: Study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts.

    • Physiology: Study of functions of living organisms and their parts.

    • Pathology: Scientific study of disease.

  • Describe the scientific theory formation process.

  • List and discuss levels of organization of the body in increasing complexity.

  • Define anatomical position, supine, and prone.

  • List and define principal directional terms and sections (planes) used in body description.

Page 3

Learning Objectives Lesson 1.1: Introduction to the Body (2 of 2)

  • Major body cavities and subdivisions.

  • Nine abdominopelvic regions and quadrants.

  • Contrast axial and appendicular subdivisions of the body.

  • Define and discuss homeostasis.

  • Compare negative and positive feedback loops with examples.

Page 4

Introduction

  • Anatomy: Structure of an organism.

  • Physiology: Functions of living organisms.

  • Pathology: Study of diseases.

Page 5

Scientific Method

  • Steps in the scientific method:

    • Observations and previous experiments.

    • Propose alternate hypothesis.

    • Design and redesign experiments.

    • Collect and analyze data.

    • Determine bias and refine hypothesis.

    • Accept as theory or law based on consistency.

Page 6

Levels of Organization (1 of 2)

  • Organization is crucial for body structure.

  • Body is a unit made of:

    • Atoms and molecules: Chemical level.

    • Cells: Smallest structural units.

    • Tissues: Organizations of similar cells.

    • Organs: Different kinds of tissues.

    • Systems: Many different organs.

Page 7

Levels of Organization (2 of 2)

  • Overview of various levels:

    • Chemical level: Atoms, molecules.

    • Cellular level: Cells and organelles.

    • Tissue level: Groups of similar cells.

    • Organ level: Different tissues.

    • Organ system level: Various organs.

    • Organism level: Complete living entity.

Page 8

Anatomical Position (1 of 2)

  • Definition: Body standing erect, feet apart, arms at sides, palms forward.

  • Importance: Provides meaning to directional terms.

Page 9

Anatomical Position (2 of 2)

  • Reference for anatomical terms.

Page 10

Anatomical Directions (1 of 2)

  • Superior: Toward the head.

  • Inferior: Toward the feet.

  • Anterior: Front of the body.

  • Posterior: Back of the body.

  • Medial: Toward the midline.

  • Lateral: Away from the midline.

Page 11

Anatomical Directions (2 of 2)

  • Proximal: Near the trunk.

  • Distal: Far from the trunk.

  • Superficial: Nearer to the body surface.

  • Deep: Farther from the body surface.

Page 12

Anatomical Compass Rosette

  • A: Anterior

  • D: Distal

  • I: Inferior

  • L: Left

  • M: Medial

  • P: Posterior

  • R: Right

  • S: Superior

Page 13

Planes of the Body

  • Sagittal plane: Divides body into right and left.

  • Midsagittal plane: Divides body into equal halves.

  • Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.

  • Transverse plane: Divides body into upper and lower sections.

Page 14

Directions and Planes of the Body

  • Visual representation of anatomical directions and planes.

Page 15

Body Cavities (1 of 4)

  • Dorsal cavity:

    • Cranial cavity: the space inside the skull that contains the brain.

    • Spinal cavity: The space inside the spinal cord.

Page 16

Body Cavities (2 of 4)

  • Ventral cavity:

    • Thoracic cavity:

      • Mediastinum: Contains heart and trachea.

      • Pleural cavities: Right lungs= right pleural cavity, Left Lung = left pleural cavity.

Page 17

Body Cavities (3 of 4)

  • Overview of major body cavities.

Page 18

Body Cavities (4 of 4)

  • Abdominopelvic cavity:

    • Abdominal cavity: Contains digestive organs.

    • Pelvic cavity: Contains reproductive organs and urinary bladder.

Page 19

Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

  • Regions:

    • Right/Left hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right/Left lumbar, Umbilical, Right/Left iliac, Hypogastric.

Page 20

Organs of the Major Body Cavities

  • List of organs located in various body cavities.

Page 21

Body Regions

  • Axial region: Head, neck, torso.

  • Appendicular region: Upper and lower extremities.

Page 22

Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Body

  • Detailed list of anatomical regions and their locations.

Page 23

Balance of Body Functions

  • Importance of homeostasis for survival.

  • Mechanisms: Negative and positive feedback loops.

Page 24

The Body's Internal Environment

  • Components: Nutrients, salts, water, gases, and waste.

Page 25

Negative Feedback Loops

  • Mechanism to maintain homeostasis through sensors and effectors.

Page 26

Positive Feedback Loop

  • Mechanism that enhances a process, e.g., childbirth.

Page 27

Healthy Fluctuations

  • Organ function and homeostasis maintenance related to age.

TS

Chapter 01 _ Introduction to the Body

Introduction to the Body

Page 2

Learning Objectives Lesson 1.1: Introduction to the Body (1 of 2)

  • Define key terms:

    • Anatomy: Study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts.

    • Physiology: Study of functions of living organisms and their parts.

    • Pathology: Scientific study of disease.

  • Describe the scientific theory formation process.

  • List and discuss levels of organization of the body in increasing complexity.

  • Define anatomical position, supine, and prone.

  • List and define principal directional terms and sections (planes) used in body description.

Page 3

Learning Objectives Lesson 1.1: Introduction to the Body (2 of 2)

  • Major body cavities and subdivisions.

  • Nine abdominopelvic regions and quadrants.

  • Contrast axial and appendicular subdivisions of the body.

  • Define and discuss homeostasis.

  • Compare negative and positive feedback loops with examples.

Page 4

Introduction

  • Anatomy: Structure of an organism.

  • Physiology: Functions of living organisms.

  • Pathology: Study of diseases.

Page 5

Scientific Method

  • Steps in the scientific method:

    • Observations and previous experiments.

    • Propose alternate hypothesis.

    • Design and redesign experiments.

    • Collect and analyze data.

    • Determine bias and refine hypothesis.

    • Accept as theory or law based on consistency.

Page 6

Levels of Organization (1 of 2)

  • Organization is crucial for body structure.

  • Body is a unit made of:

    • Atoms and molecules: Chemical level.

    • Cells: Smallest structural units.

    • Tissues: Organizations of similar cells.

    • Organs: Different kinds of tissues.

    • Systems: Many different organs.

Page 7

Levels of Organization (2 of 2)

  • Overview of various levels:

    • Chemical level: Atoms, molecules.

    • Cellular level: Cells and organelles.

    • Tissue level: Groups of similar cells.

    • Organ level: Different tissues.

    • Organ system level: Various organs.

    • Organism level: Complete living entity.

Page 8

Anatomical Position (1 of 2)

  • Definition: Body standing erect, feet apart, arms at sides, palms forward.

  • Importance: Provides meaning to directional terms.

Page 9

Anatomical Position (2 of 2)

  • Reference for anatomical terms.

Page 10

Anatomical Directions (1 of 2)

  • Superior: Toward the head.

  • Inferior: Toward the feet.

  • Anterior: Front of the body.

  • Posterior: Back of the body.

  • Medial: Toward the midline.

  • Lateral: Away from the midline.

Page 11

Anatomical Directions (2 of 2)

  • Proximal: Near the trunk.

  • Distal: Far from the trunk.

  • Superficial: Nearer to the body surface.

  • Deep: Farther from the body surface.

Page 12

Anatomical Compass Rosette

  • A: Anterior

  • D: Distal

  • I: Inferior

  • L: Left

  • M: Medial

  • P: Posterior

  • R: Right

  • S: Superior

Page 13

Planes of the Body

  • Sagittal plane: Divides body into right and left.

  • Midsagittal plane: Divides body into equal halves.

  • Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.

  • Transverse plane: Divides body into upper and lower sections.

Page 14

Directions and Planes of the Body

  • Visual representation of anatomical directions and planes.

Page 15

Body Cavities (1 of 4)

  • Dorsal cavity:

    • Cranial cavity: the space inside the skull that contains the brain.

    • Spinal cavity: The space inside the spinal cord.

Page 16

Body Cavities (2 of 4)

  • Ventral cavity:

    • Thoracic cavity:

      • Mediastinum: Contains heart and trachea.

      • Pleural cavities: Right lungs= right pleural cavity, Left Lung = left pleural cavity.

Page 17

Body Cavities (3 of 4)

  • Overview of major body cavities.

Page 18

Body Cavities (4 of 4)

  • Abdominopelvic cavity:

    • Abdominal cavity: Contains digestive organs.

    • Pelvic cavity: Contains reproductive organs and urinary bladder.

Page 19

Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

  • Regions:

    • Right/Left hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right/Left lumbar, Umbilical, Right/Left iliac, Hypogastric.

Page 20

Organs of the Major Body Cavities

  • List of organs located in various body cavities.

Page 21

Body Regions

  • Axial region: Head, neck, torso.

  • Appendicular region: Upper and lower extremities.

Page 22

Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Body

  • Detailed list of anatomical regions and their locations.

Page 23

Balance of Body Functions

  • Importance of homeostasis for survival.

  • Mechanisms: Negative and positive feedback loops.

Page 24

The Body's Internal Environment

  • Components: Nutrients, salts, water, gases, and waste.

Page 25

Negative Feedback Loops

  • Mechanism to maintain homeostasis through sensors and effectors.

Page 26

Positive Feedback Loop

  • Mechanism that enhances a process, e.g., childbirth.

Page 27

Healthy Fluctuations

  • Organ function and homeostasis maintenance related to age.

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