Chapter 01 _ Introduction to the Body

Introduction to the Body

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Learning Objectives Lesson 1.1: Introduction to the Body (1 of 2)

• Define key terms:

  • Anatomy: Study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts.

  • Physiology: Study of functions of living organisms and their parts.

  • Pathology: Scientific study of disease.

• Describe the scientific theory formation process.

• List and discuss levels of organization of the body in increasing complexity.

• Define anatomical position, supine, and prone.

• List and define principal directional terms and sections (planes) used in body description.

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Learning Objectives Lesson 1.1: Introduction to the Body (2 of 2)

• Major body cavities and subdivisions.

• Nine abdominopelvic regions and quadrants.

• Contrast axial and appendicular subdivisions of the body.

• Define and discuss homeostasis.

• Compare negative and positive feedback loops with examples.

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Introduction

• Anatomy: Structure of an organism.

• Physiology: Functions of living organisms.

• Pathology: Study of diseases.

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Scientific Method

• Steps in the scientific method:

  • Observations and previous experiments.

  • Propose alternate hypothesis.

  • Design and redesign experiments.

  • Collect and analyze data.

  • Determine bias and refine hypothesis.

  • Accept as theory or law based on consistency.

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Levels of Organization (1 of 2)

• Organization is crucial for body structure.

• Body is a unit made of:

  • Atoms and molecules: Chemical level.

  • Cells: Smallest structural units.

  • Tissues: Organizations of similar cells.

  • Organs: Different kinds of tissues.

  • Systems: Many different organs.

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Levels of Organization (2 of 2)

• Overview of various levels:

  • Chemical level: Atoms, molecules.

  • Cellular level: Cells and organelles.

  • Tissue level: Groups of similar cells.

  • Organ level: Different tissues.

  • Organ system level: Various organs.

  • Organism level: Complete living entity.

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Anatomical Position (1 of 2)

• Definition: Body standing erect, feet apart, arms at sides, palms forward.

• Importance: Provides meaning to directional terms.

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Anatomical Position (2 of 2)

• Reference for anatomical terms.

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Anatomical Directions (1 of 2)

• Superior: Toward the head.

• Inferior: Toward the feet.

• Anterior: Front of the body.

• Posterior: Back of the body.

• Medial: Toward the midline.

• Lateral: Away from the midline.

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Anatomical Directions (2 of 2)

• Proximal: Near the trunk.

• Distal: Far from the trunk.

• Superficial: Nearer to the body surface.

• Deep: Farther from the body surface.

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Anatomical Compass Rosette

• A: Anterior

• D: Distal

• I: Inferior

• L: Left

• M: Medial

• P: Posterior

• R: Right

• S: Superior

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Planes of the Body

• Sagittal plane: Divides body into right and left.

• Midsagittal plane: Divides body into equal halves.

• Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.

• Transverse plane: Divides body into upper and lower sections.

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Directions and Planes of the Body

• Visual representation of anatomical directions and planes.

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Body Cavities (1 of 4)

• Dorsal cavity:

  • Cranial cavity: the space inside the skull that contains the brain.

  • Spinal cavity: The space inside the spinal cord.

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Body Cavities (2 of 4)

• Ventral cavity:

  • Thoracic cavity:

    • Mediastinum: Contains heart and trachea.

    • Pleural cavities: Right lungs= right pleural cavity, Left Lung = left pleural cavity.

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Body Cavities (3 of 4)

• Overview of major body cavities.

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Body Cavities (4 of 4)

• Abdominopelvic cavity:

  • Abdominal cavity: Contains digestive organs.

  • Pelvic cavity: Contains reproductive organs and urinary bladder.

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

• Regions:

  • Right/Left hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right/Left lumbar, Umbilical, Right/Left iliac, Hypogastric.

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Organs of the Major Body Cavities

• List of organs located in various body cavities.

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Body Regions

• Axial region: Head, neck, torso.

• Appendicular region: Upper and lower extremities.

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Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Body

• Detailed list of anatomical regions and their locations.

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Balance of Body Functions

• Importance of homeostasis for survival.

• Mechanisms: Negative and positive feedback loops.

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The Body's Internal Environment

• Components: Nutrients, salts, water, gases, and waste.

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Negative Feedback Loops

• Mechanism to maintain homeostasis through sensors and effectors.

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Positive Feedback Loop

• Mechanism that enhances a process, e.g., childbirth.

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Healthy Fluctuations

• Organ function and homeostasis maintenance related to age.