Chapter 01 _ Introduction to the Body
Define key terms:
Anatomy: Study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts.
Physiology: Study of functions of living organisms and their parts.
Pathology: Scientific study of disease.
Describe the scientific theory formation process.
List and discuss levels of organization of the body in increasing complexity.
Define anatomical position, supine, and prone.
List and define principal directional terms and sections (planes) used in body description.
Major body cavities and subdivisions.
Nine abdominopelvic regions and quadrants.
Contrast axial and appendicular subdivisions of the body.
Define and discuss homeostasis.
Compare negative and positive feedback loops with examples.
Anatomy: Structure of an organism.
Physiology: Functions of living organisms.
Pathology: Study of diseases.
Steps in the scientific method:
Observations and previous experiments.
Propose alternate hypothesis.
Design and redesign experiments.
Collect and analyze data.
Determine bias and refine hypothesis.
Accept as theory or law based on consistency.
Organization is crucial for body structure.
Body is a unit made of:
Atoms and molecules: Chemical level.
Cells: Smallest structural units.
Tissues: Organizations of similar cells.
Organs: Different kinds of tissues.
Systems: Many different organs.
Overview of various levels:
Chemical level: Atoms, molecules.
Cellular level: Cells and organelles.
Tissue level: Groups of similar cells.
Organ level: Different tissues.
Organ system level: Various organs.
Organism level: Complete living entity.
Definition: Body standing erect, feet apart, arms at sides, palms forward.
Importance: Provides meaning to directional terms.
Reference for anatomical terms.
Superior: Toward the head.
Inferior: Toward the feet.
Anterior: Front of the body.
Posterior: Back of the body.
Medial: Toward the midline.
Lateral: Away from the midline.
Proximal: Near the trunk.
Distal: Far from the trunk.
Superficial: Nearer to the body surface.
Deep: Farther from the body surface.
A: Anterior
D: Distal
I: Inferior
L: Left
M: Medial
P: Posterior
R: Right
S: Superior
Sagittal plane: Divides body into right and left.
Midsagittal plane: Divides body into equal halves.
Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.
Transverse plane: Divides body into upper and lower sections.
Visual representation of anatomical directions and planes.
Dorsal cavity:
Cranial cavity: the space inside the skull that contains the brain.
Spinal cavity: The space inside the spinal cord.
Ventral cavity:
Thoracic cavity:
Mediastinum: Contains heart and trachea.
Pleural cavities: Right lungs= right pleural cavity, Left Lung = left pleural cavity.
Overview of major body cavities.
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal cavity: Contains digestive organs.
Pelvic cavity: Contains reproductive organs and urinary bladder.
Regions:
Right/Left hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right/Left lumbar, Umbilical, Right/Left iliac, Hypogastric.
List of organs located in various body cavities.
Axial region: Head, neck, torso.
Appendicular region: Upper and lower extremities.
Detailed list of anatomical regions and their locations.
Importance of homeostasis for survival.
Mechanisms: Negative and positive feedback loops.
Components: Nutrients, salts, water, gases, and waste.
Mechanism to maintain homeostasis through sensors and effectors.
Mechanism that enhances a process, e.g., childbirth.
Organ function and homeostasis maintenance related to age.
Define key terms:
Anatomy: Study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts.
Physiology: Study of functions of living organisms and their parts.
Pathology: Scientific study of disease.
Describe the scientific theory formation process.
List and discuss levels of organization of the body in increasing complexity.
Define anatomical position, supine, and prone.
List and define principal directional terms and sections (planes) used in body description.
Major body cavities and subdivisions.
Nine abdominopelvic regions and quadrants.
Contrast axial and appendicular subdivisions of the body.
Define and discuss homeostasis.
Compare negative and positive feedback loops with examples.
Anatomy: Structure of an organism.
Physiology: Functions of living organisms.
Pathology: Study of diseases.
Steps in the scientific method:
Observations and previous experiments.
Propose alternate hypothesis.
Design and redesign experiments.
Collect and analyze data.
Determine bias and refine hypothesis.
Accept as theory or law based on consistency.
Organization is crucial for body structure.
Body is a unit made of:
Atoms and molecules: Chemical level.
Cells: Smallest structural units.
Tissues: Organizations of similar cells.
Organs: Different kinds of tissues.
Systems: Many different organs.
Overview of various levels:
Chemical level: Atoms, molecules.
Cellular level: Cells and organelles.
Tissue level: Groups of similar cells.
Organ level: Different tissues.
Organ system level: Various organs.
Organism level: Complete living entity.
Definition: Body standing erect, feet apart, arms at sides, palms forward.
Importance: Provides meaning to directional terms.
Reference for anatomical terms.
Superior: Toward the head.
Inferior: Toward the feet.
Anterior: Front of the body.
Posterior: Back of the body.
Medial: Toward the midline.
Lateral: Away from the midline.
Proximal: Near the trunk.
Distal: Far from the trunk.
Superficial: Nearer to the body surface.
Deep: Farther from the body surface.
A: Anterior
D: Distal
I: Inferior
L: Left
M: Medial
P: Posterior
R: Right
S: Superior
Sagittal plane: Divides body into right and left.
Midsagittal plane: Divides body into equal halves.
Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.
Transverse plane: Divides body into upper and lower sections.
Visual representation of anatomical directions and planes.
Dorsal cavity:
Cranial cavity: the space inside the skull that contains the brain.
Spinal cavity: The space inside the spinal cord.
Ventral cavity:
Thoracic cavity:
Mediastinum: Contains heart and trachea.
Pleural cavities: Right lungs= right pleural cavity, Left Lung = left pleural cavity.
Overview of major body cavities.
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal cavity: Contains digestive organs.
Pelvic cavity: Contains reproductive organs and urinary bladder.
Regions:
Right/Left hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right/Left lumbar, Umbilical, Right/Left iliac, Hypogastric.
List of organs located in various body cavities.
Axial region: Head, neck, torso.
Appendicular region: Upper and lower extremities.
Detailed list of anatomical regions and their locations.
Importance of homeostasis for survival.
Mechanisms: Negative and positive feedback loops.
Components: Nutrients, salts, water, gases, and waste.
Mechanism to maintain homeostasis through sensors and effectors.
Mechanism that enhances a process, e.g., childbirth.
Organ function and homeostasis maintenance related to age.
