Smarthistory – Transformation masks

Introduction to Transformation Masks

• Definition: Transformation masks are ceremonial artworks primarily from the Northwest Coast that depict the concept of transformation, often involving animals changing into mythical beings or vice versa.

• Artist Example: Kwakwaka’wakw artist created an Eagle Mask in the late 19th century that demonstrates this concept.

Description of the Eagle Mask

• Closed State:

  • Displayed as a heavy eagle mask, adorned with feathers and cedar bark costume.

  • Creates a dramatic performance effect, transforming the dancer.

• Open State:

  • The mask reveals an ancestor's face, demonstrating its duality.

• Material Composition:

  • Consists of cedar wood, feathers, sinew, cord, bird skin, hide, plant fibers, cotton, iron, and pigments.

  • Dimensions: 37 x 57 x 49 cm.

Purpose and Functionality

• Masks are used during cultural ceremonies and dances, facilitating transformation through physical movements by dancers.

• Mechanism:

  • Dancers operate the masks by pulling strings, animating the artwork and enhancing the narrative of the performance.

Cultural Significance of Transformation Masks

• Ceremonial Use:

  • Traditionally used during potlatch ceremonies, important for expressing social status and clan identity.

  • Masks serve to portray family genealogy and herald specific crest symbols—unique to clans and families.

• Kwakwaka’wakw Identity:

  • Non-Native groups refer to them as Kwakiutl.

  • One of many Indigenous groups along the western coast of British Columbia.

Types of Transformation Masks

• Examples:

  • Thunderbird Mask reveals human face with lightning snakes when opened.

  • Whale Mask mimics the whale swimming, with dynamic movements of mouth and tail.

• Each mask functions as a narrative device, playing a role in imparting stories of ancestry and transformation.

Clans and Social Structure

• Clans: Four main clans—Killer Whale, Eagle, Raven, and Wolf—each safeguarding their crest symbols which convey rights to resources.

• Numayn: Groups formed under clans, linked by a common ancestor and characterized by specific ceremonial privileges.

  • Rights included the ability to wear transformation masks in ceremonial contexts.

Myths Related to Transformation

• Transformation myths often involve the trickster Raven, who changes forms and brings beneficial gifts to humans.

• Thunderbird, an important figure among the Kwakwaka’wakw, is associated with thunder and lightning, illustrating the duality of nature and spirit.

Design Elements of Masks

• Visual Style:

  • Masks exhibit formline style characterized by bright colors and complex forms—common features include ovoid shapes and undulating lines.

  • Colors: Predominantly red, blue-green, and black, reflecting cultural aesthetics.

• Materials:

  • Constructed from red cedar wood, with toxic and organic properties.

  • Masks require extensive time for crafting—due to the nature of the materials and intricate designs.

Historical Context and Changes in Practices

• Impact of Colonization: Post-contact changes in the use of materials (e.g., introduction of metal tools transformed the carving techniques).

• Color Usage: Transition from natural pigments to synthetic dyes for vibrancy and durability due to trade and cultural exchange.

Potlach Ceremonies

• Potlatches are significant social events demonstrating status and wealth.

• Legal History: Banned in 1885 until the 1950s due to misconceptions held by Christian missionaries and governmental policies.

  • Consequence: Many masks were confiscated or destroyed during this period.

• Resurgence: Potlatch ceremonies continue today, emphasizing the community's cultural identity and practices.