DZ

Heimler's Unit 7-9 Livestream Notes

Unit 7: 1890-1945 Big Ideas

  • Once the western frontier was settled, the United States debated whether it should expand into territories beyond its borders

    • Closing of the frontier: Fredrick Jackson Turner’s frontier thesis

      • Frontier and western movement is part of the DNA of Americans

      • declared that in 1890, the frontier is closed, all settled

    • Debates: expanding beyond the border of the NA

      • Imperalists: expand is great, manifest destiny, race, mission from God

        • industrialists: look to asia and other areas for more market and resources

      • Anti imperalists: Self determination(every nation has the right to govern themselves)

        • declaration of Independence

        • will violate it colonized other countries

        • will get tangled into international business

          • George Washington farewell address

  • the United States’ victory in the Spanish-American War led to further land acquisitions, and transformed American into a proper empire

    • Causes of the Spanish-american war

      • Cuba is a highly desireable place for US

        • Maine(US battleship)

        • exploded and 200 Americans died

      • yellow journalists: blamed the Spanish for what they did

        • saying what ppl wanted to hear

    • Americans win the SA war

      • Turned America into an empire

    • Philippines(previously Spain)

      • revolted against the imperalism

    • other pacific Caribbean islands

    • Puerto Rico

    • Annex of Hawaii

  • progressives wanted strong government intervention to recorm society on issues like political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality

    • Muckrakers: exposed the dirty parts of American Society

      • Uptinson Clare: Jungle

        • Meat packing industry

      • Ida tarebell: Standard Oil

      • They alerted to corruption in the halls, sociteal inequality

    • started calling for reform

      • T. Roosevelt push the legislation for the Meat Inspection Act

    • Speicific policies

    • expansion of voter participation

      • secret ballots: counter corruption of Tammy hall(political machines)

      • direct election of US senators: since that many are elected by states

    • Fredrick Taylor: Taylorism

      • scientific management

      • figured out how to enlimated time in factory work

    • progressives in gov started to apply taylorism to gov

    • Civil Right: Mainly Black progressives

      • progressives includes a large diverse group with the same goals

      • worked for civil rights

        • W.E.B Dubois

        • Booker T. Washington

        • NAACP

        • Niagra Movement

    • 3 progressive presidents: Trust busting

      • Teddy Roosevelt

        • conservationism

          • forest reserve act of 1891

          • sierra club

          • national park system

      • William Howard Taft

        • big trust buster

        • sherman antitrust act

      • Woodrow Wilson

    • passing of constitution

      • 17th amendment: direct election of senators

      • 18th amendment: prohibition

        • WCTU and Anti saloon league

      • 18th amendment: women’s suffrage

  • Although the US began in a position of isolationism regarding WW1, Moutning pressure brought them into the war, and the US entry turned the tide of the war for the Allies

    • German unstricted Submarine Warefare

      • blew up the Lousitania

      • agry American

    • Zimmerman telegram: germany sending a note to Mexico to start war with US, and will get land in return from the Mexican aemrican war

    • Woodrow Wilson: “Americans needed to join this war inorder to make this world safe for democracy”

      • ultimately helped tip the balance of the war

      • treaty of versaill

      • involved in post war negotiation

        • 14 points

          • league of nations where they could talk their differences out

          • Congress didn't rafify the treaty

          • US doesn’t join the league

  • US involvement in WW1 meant leveraging all its assets at home. Additionally, it created the occasion for the impression of civil liberties, nativism, and significant migrations

    • Total war: where a country leverages all its assessts to figthn in the war

      • both foreign and domestic

    • war time agencies that work with progressives:

      • National War Labor Board: Dealt with labor disputes and ensured smooth functioning of industries

      • War Industries Board (WIB): Established to coordinate production of war materials and ensure efficiency

    • Massive migration from rural to urban

    • but also restriction on civil liberties

      • sedition act of 1918: illegal to publically critique gov

        • Schneck v United states, justifies since if there is “clear and present danger”

      • Red Scare

        • 1917 the russian revolution, becoming communits

        • palmer raids: mass incarsations of socialists and radicals, captured with out significant evidence

    • the great migration: black fleeing the south inorder to avoid the Jim crow laws

      • however still faced social racim and segregation

  • In the 1920s, new technologies focused the US economy on the production of consumer goods, which improved standards of living and spread national culture

    • due to Taylorism, prosperity

      • henry ford assembly line

      • business boom

      • better energy use, oil

    • gov policies back off from the ecno

      • corporate tax cuts

    • spread of mass culutre/popular culture

      • radio

        • everyone hearing the same thing

      • movies: Hollywood in the 1920s

  • The urbanizasttion of America granted new opportunities for women and immigrants, gave rise to new forms of art, and emhazied regional differences

    • the cult of domesticity

    • Urban centers offered oppunity for the women that is joining the workforce

      • especially considered as women’s work, nursing and teaching

    • immigration, huge spike

      • rise of nativism

      • led to immigration quotas

        • 1921 and 1924 makes it hard for eastern euro and asians

    • new forms of art and literature

      • rise of the lost generation

        • disillusioned by the loss of war]

        • meaningless war

        • hyproacy in religion

        • people:

          • F scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway

      • harlem resistance

        • the migration of blacks moves to harlem

        • great out pour of black culture: louis Armstrong

    • religion outcry

      • moderninsts and fundatmalists

      • scopes monkey trial: modernists won with the allow teaching of the theory of evolution

  • The Great Depression caused policymakers to transform the United states into a limited welfare state with the Newl deal, and further defined the goals of modern American Liberalism

    • Begins with the stock crash of 1929

    • FDR elected at 1932, believed Keynesian economics

      • limited welfare stated

    • polices all together as the New deal: 3 Rs

      • Relief for the unemployed(\

        • Public Works Adminstration to work on public infrastructure

      • recovery

      • reform

        • Glass-steagal act, increase the regulation of banks, limited the ways that the bank could invest with peoples money

        • federal deposit Insurace corporation: ensure bank deposits with fed money

    • maybe it worked with WW2

  • before entering WW2, the US publicly maintained its traditional isolationism while simultaneously aiding the Allied efforts. But the US entered the war after the attack on pearl harbor

    • Isolationism from the US

      • FDR engaged with Allied

        • Cash and Carry program

          • looser neutrality program

          • could buy stuff from the united states as long as they buy it with cash and ships it themselves

          • britain controlled the seas

        • Lend-lease act

          • britain to obtain arms with credit

    • eventually came into the war with the attack of pearl harbor

  • The required mobilization for the US entry into WW2 transformed American society economically, while creating the occasion for violations of civil liberties

    • cure the GD

    • Increased Federal spending

      • ended the Gd

      • rose the GDP of US

    • Total War once again

      • trampling of civil liberties: japanese

        • Bc associated with the Japanese and irrational fears

        • forced into interment camps

          • challenged in Komatsu v US

          • supreme court sees it as a necessity

  • Once the US committed to the war, Americans saw the war as a fight for the survival of democracy and freedom against fascist totalitarianism

    • turiin point of the war is DDay

      • march to berlin and won

      • May 7th 1945 VE day

    • Victory at midway island

      • island hopping campaign: bypassing the fortified island and capture the smaller islands that are not strageical to cut off supplies

    • Atomic Bomb: VJ day

      • manhattan project

      • Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Unit 8: 1945-1980

  • The US and SU engaged in a decades-long cold war. The US main goal was the containment of communism

    • causes of cold war

      • mistrust and suspicion even before the WW2

      • Yalta Conference

        • eastern and central Europe will have free elections

      • but used these nations as a buffer nation between the SU and EU

      • Berlin wall and the division of Germany

    • Clash between democracy and Communism: both wanted to spread

    • led to the policy of containment under Harry S Truman

      • Truman doctrine: US will provide Military and Ecnomoic support to any nation that was threatened by communism

      • MArshall plan: help reconstruction and economic aid to help Eu nations rebuild

        • if nations has good econ, then they wont communism

      • creation of NATO: North American Treaty Organization

        • SU counter as Warsaw Pact

    • arms race: race to develop superior weapons

      • American got bomb, SU got bomb, then got bigger bomb, SU also got bigger bomb

      • cant directly fight each other bc if they do its mutually assured destruction

    • Korean and Vietnam War(proxy wars)

  • Americans debated policies designed to expose suspected communists within the US even as both parties supported the broader Strategy of containing communism

    • 2nd red scare in the beginning of the cold war

      • communist spies have infiltrated the American society, even at the highest level of government

    • House of Unamerican Actions Committe

      • Search for communist everywhere

    • joesph mccarthy: McCarthyism

      • claimed that he has a list that worked in the state department

  • The US economy grew significantly in the 1950s, creating the occasion for the baby Boon, cultural conformity, and an increase in migration.

    • Baby boom, post-war

      • lncrease demand in housing

      • mostly took place in suburbs(outside of the cities

        • Levitown(model cities)

      • middle class move from urban to suburbs

    • Rise of Mass culture: Homogenous

      • TV replaces radio during the 1950s

      • all seen the same shows and the same influences, same values

      • conformity in the middle class

    • artists disagreed with the conformity of the modern society

      • JD salinger Catcher in the Rye

  • Gains were made for civil rights in the 19340s and 1950s which set the stage for further gains in the 1960s

    • Raical segregation still prevalent in the south

      • Plessy V fergenson still prominent in the south

    • Civil rights movement

      • Judical Victory: Brown V board of education, desegrate the schools

        • overturned plessy V fergerson, the virtual of being separate is not equal

        • violated the 14th amendment

        • the integration effort is very slow

      • Montegormy Bus Boycotts: Segreats busses

        • Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat for a white passenger

        • significant in montegormy

    • MLK Jr.: Civil disobedience

      • non violent

  • Building on the progress made in the 40s and 50s, the civil rights movement won major victories in the 1960s with significant legislation outlawing racial discrimination

    • Sit ins, mass arrest

      • Segregation laws are eventually overturned

    • march on Washington

      • I have a dream speech: calls to end racial segregation

      • won victories in legislative victories, made discrimination based on sex, race illegal

      • Voting rights act of 1964: no voting discrimating

    • Civil right movement is not a monolithic movement

    • Malcolm X: Black Panther

      • Use violence to persuade the masses

      • countering white violence with black violence

  • Worldwide postwar decolonization was the occasion for increasing cold war involvement for both the SU and the US

    • as the new nations come into being, they became desireable assessts for both US and SU

      • gameboard for who can claim the most

    • Guatamala

      • US helped the throw the socialists party who was encroching on the business interests of the US

      • helped the one who was more favorable

    • Iran

      • CIA helped overthrow the party that wanted to unify the oil in the country

      • no good for the aemricans

      • Rewarded them with low oild prices and purchase of the arms

    • Dwight Eisenhower: warned about the military industrial complex

      • fairwell address, warned the negative effects of the cold war

      • the relationship between the military and American industry

        • during the arms race, US might be controlled by this relationship

  • The Vietnam War was fought under the rubric of communist containment, and it created deep divisions among Americans about america’s proper place in the world

    • Lyndon B Johnson

      • inherits the Vietam

      • Gulf of Tonkin

        • questionable firing of US ships

        • used this to enact the Gulf of Tonkin resolution

        • Blank check to use as much as needed for war

      • keeps escalating the pressure in Vietnam

    • 1965 200,000 fighting the Vietnam that is not even declared in Congress

      • intense anti-war protest

      • draft riots of the University Students

      • spread of misinformation from the war

  • Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society carried on the legacies of the New Deal and is considered the high mark of American Liberalism

    • Great society: expansion of the New Deal

      • War on poverty: 40 mil Americans living in poverty

      • demographic majority in the congress

      • the office of economic opportunity

    • took the reelection as a mandate to the great society

      • Great society expands during the 2nd term

        • Medicare, Health insurance over the age of 65

        • Medicaid, Health insurance for those in poverty

        • immigration acts which abolished the immigration quotas

  • The civil rights movement expanded to include Latinos, NA, Asian Americans, women, and gay and lesbian Americans

    • Latinos

      • Laborers were exploited in the agricultural sector

      • Ceasar Chaves

      • 1975 won the collective bargaining that got equal pay

    • NA

      • American Indian movement

      • reclaim their tribal traditions

      • achieve self-determination under the reservation system

      • address the systemic poverty

      • occupation of occupation of Alcatraz island

        • federal territory for 19 months

        • eventually had to leave due to federal pressure

        • protest against the broken treaties

      • became the corner stone of NA activism

    • Gay liberation movement

      • police raid on Stonewall Inn

        • bc the anti gay laws that are on new york laws

        • spontaneous resistance, physical and violence

        • 1960 homo from mental illness to legit

    • womens liberation movement

      • still experience dispearity

      • Better friedan: feminine mystique

        • argued against the cult of domesticity

        • NOW: National organization of women

          • womens right using similar tactics of civil rights activists

          • equal pay and rights

      • ERA: equal rights amendment

        • constitution to prevent discrimination based on gender

        • but didn’t get the necessary amount of votes from states

        • Due to a stong Conservative backlash

          • Phillys Schafly

  • youth Culture of the 1960s was defined by a rejection of social, political, and economic norms of their parents’ generation.

    • Counter Culture in the 1960s

      • party out of overturning cultural normas

      • rebellion against the way they dress

      • hippies as the icon

    • wood stock music festival

      • is able to give voice to the young people

    • kinda fizzled out in the 70s

    • too much drugs

  • a growing concern over environmental degration led to the rise of the environmental movement

    • Silent Spring by Rachal Carson

    • Massive oil spills in the Maldives in 1989

      • pictures of the oil covered ducks and seals lead on display of the nature

    • concerns over clean water and clean air

      • New agancy to address

      • EPA: environmental protection agency

        • regulatory agency to put limit on the industry

  • Public trust in the government rapidly declined during the Vietnam war and the Watergate scandal, and that led to growing classes between liberals and conservatives over the role of the federal gov

    • American society is in the middle of a significant that lasts to the end of this period.

    • Stagflation: Increase inflation but not the economy

    • watergate scandal from Nixon

      • election in 1972

      • his cabnet caught breaking into the democratic parties headquarters attempt to steal documents and bug phone

      • denyed by Nixon

        • he was very much involved

      • increase in mistrust in gov

    • Battle between Convsertism and liberalism, especially on the supreme court

      • Burger Court

        • nixon appointed mutipe judges (conservative)

        • Roe v Wade

          • legallised abortion for all 50 states

          • women saw this as victory

          • conservative saw this as a federal overreach

            • questions the legit of the supreme court

Unit 9: 1980-present

  • the election of Ronald Reagan marked a significant shift in American politics from liberalism to a new kind of conservatism

    • Significant changes

      • Cut taxes

      • reduce gov spending

      • increase spending spending

      • appoint conservative judges

    • Ecnomics: Reagannomics

      • Supply side economics

      • Taxes decreases, remove business regulation

      • consumer will benefit bc low prices of goods due to no regulation

    • spending cuts: no more gov in ppls pocket

      • contrast FDr and the new deal

      • very much did cut gov spending

        • welfare programs

      • but increased military spending

      • deregulation

    • appointed conservative judges

  • Ronald Reagan helped bring an end to the Cold War through speeches, diplomatic efforts, and military build up

    • Reagan tried to bring it to an end

    • Iran contra affair

    • Nicaguara contras

    • HUge buildup of nuclear weapons

      • Strategic defence initiative(Star wars)

      • if American increased its military spending, SU would also do the same thing

      • American econ is better than the SU, so the spending in SU tanked its ECON

    • HW bush elected in 1988, end of the cold war

    • 1991 SU dissolves

    • further diplomatic agreements to dissolve the nuclear build up

      • START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

  • The US economy underwent significant changes in the 1990s due to the advent of new technological innovations like the computer and the transition to a service-based economy

    • Bill Clinton elected in 1992

      • change the economy

      • longest peace time economic boom

        • internet

    • increased productivity

      • more and more mechanised

    • Chnaged society

      • digital mobile and cell phones

      • social media

        • facebook and Twitter

      • transformed the lives of daily Americans

    • outsourced to other nations that could do the work cheaper

      • changed into a majority service-based workforce

        • teaching etc

  • After 1980, migration and immigration affect US culture and economics significantly

    • moving due to work

    • sunbelt migration

    • immigrants ~28% of the population

      • draw cititism from the illegal Mexicans

    • hispanic is now the larges minority of the US

    • Asain ~10 mil around the year 2000

  • The attacks of 9/11 marked the beginning of the War on Terror. Some American registered a growing concern over climate change

    • 9/11 as the al Qaeda

    • George W Bush

      • War on terror

      • taliban refuse to comply with the American demand of turnover of osama bin ladin

      • sent troop in Afghanistan

    • patriot act of 2001 and 2003: increase the amount of survallance of citizens with emails and phone calls

      • 4th amendment and the violation of privacy

    • continuing environmental concerns

      • the reliance of oil

      • iraqs invasion of Kuwait

        • war with Iraq

    • increasing greenhouse gases and effects the climate

    • continues to be the leading global superpower of the 21st centery