Unit 7: 1890-1945 Big Ideas
Once the western frontier was settled, the United States debated whether it should expand into territories beyond its borders
Closing of the frontier: Fredrick Jackson Turner’s frontier thesis
Frontier and western movement is part of the DNA of Americans
declared that in 1890, the frontier is closed, all settled
Debates: expanding beyond the border of the NA
Imperalists: expand is great, manifest destiny, race, mission from God
industrialists: look to asia and other areas for more market and resources
Anti imperalists: Self determination(every nation has the right to govern themselves)
declaration of Independence
will violate it colonized other countries
will get tangled into international business
George Washington farewell address
the United States’ victory in the Spanish-American War led to further land acquisitions, and transformed American into a proper empire
Causes of the Spanish-american war
Cuba is a highly desireable place for US
Maine(US battleship)
exploded and 200 Americans died
yellow journalists: blamed the Spanish for what they did
saying what ppl wanted to hear
Americans win the SA war
Turned America into an empire
Philippines(previously Spain)
revolted against the imperalism
other pacific Caribbean islands
Puerto Rico
Annex of Hawaii
progressives wanted strong government intervention to recorm society on issues like political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality
Muckrakers: exposed the dirty parts of American Society
Uptinson Clare: Jungle
Meat packing industry
Ida tarebell: Standard Oil
They alerted to corruption in the halls, sociteal inequality
started calling for reform
T. Roosevelt push the legislation for the Meat Inspection Act
Speicific policies
expansion of voter participation
secret ballots: counter corruption of Tammy hall(political machines)
direct election of US senators: since that many are elected by states
Fredrick Taylor: Taylorism
scientific management
figured out how to enlimated time in factory work
progressives in gov started to apply taylorism to gov
Civil Right: Mainly Black progressives
progressives includes a large diverse group with the same goals
worked for civil rights
W.E.B Dubois
Booker T. Washington
NAACP
Niagra Movement
3 progressive presidents: Trust busting
Teddy Roosevelt
conservationism
forest reserve act of 1891
sierra club
national park system
William Howard Taft
big trust buster
sherman antitrust act
Woodrow Wilson
passing of constitution
17th amendment: direct election of senators
18th amendment: prohibition
WCTU and Anti saloon league
18th amendment: women’s suffrage
Although the US began in a position of isolationism regarding WW1, Moutning pressure brought them into the war, and the US entry turned the tide of the war for the Allies
German unstricted Submarine Warefare
blew up the Lousitania
agry American
Zimmerman telegram: germany sending a note to Mexico to start war with US, and will get land in return from the Mexican aemrican war
Woodrow Wilson: “Americans needed to join this war inorder to make this world safe for democracy”
ultimately helped tip the balance of the war
treaty of versaill
involved in post war negotiation
14 points
league of nations where they could talk their differences out
Congress didn't rafify the treaty
US doesn’t join the league
US involvement in WW1 meant leveraging all its assets at home. Additionally, it created the occasion for the impression of civil liberties, nativism, and significant migrations
Total war: where a country leverages all its assessts to figthn in the war
both foreign and domestic
war time agencies that work with progressives:
National War Labor Board: Dealt with labor disputes and ensured smooth functioning of industries
War Industries Board (WIB): Established to coordinate production of war materials and ensure efficiency
Massive migration from rural to urban
but also restriction on civil liberties
sedition act of 1918: illegal to publically critique gov
Schneck v United states, justifies since if there is “clear and present danger”
Red Scare
1917 the russian revolution, becoming communits
palmer raids: mass incarsations of socialists and radicals, captured with out significant evidence
the great migration: black fleeing the south inorder to avoid the Jim crow laws
however still faced social racim and segregation
In the 1920s, new technologies focused the US economy on the production of consumer goods, which improved standards of living and spread national culture
due to Taylorism, prosperity
henry ford assembly line
business boom
better energy use, oil
gov policies back off from the ecno
corporate tax cuts
spread of mass culutre/popular culture
radio
everyone hearing the same thing
movies: Hollywood in the 1920s
The urbanizasttion of America granted new opportunities for women and immigrants, gave rise to new forms of art, and emhazied regional differences
the cult of domesticity
Urban centers offered oppunity for the women that is joining the workforce
especially considered as women’s work, nursing and teaching
immigration, huge spike
rise of nativism
led to immigration quotas
1921 and 1924 makes it hard for eastern euro and asians
new forms of art and literature
rise of the lost generation
disillusioned by the loss of war]
meaningless war
hyproacy in religion
people:
F scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway
harlem resistance
the migration of blacks moves to harlem
great out pour of black culture: louis Armstrong
religion outcry
moderninsts and fundatmalists
scopes monkey trial: modernists won with the allow teaching of the theory of evolution
The Great Depression caused policymakers to transform the United states into a limited welfare state with the Newl deal, and further defined the goals of modern American Liberalism
Begins with the stock crash of 1929
FDR elected at 1932, believed Keynesian economics
limited welfare stated
polices all together as the New deal: 3 Rs
Relief for the unemployed(\
Public Works Adminstration to work on public infrastructure
recovery
reform
Glass-steagal act, increase the regulation of banks, limited the ways that the bank could invest with peoples money
federal deposit Insurace corporation: ensure bank deposits with fed money
maybe it worked with WW2
before entering WW2, the US publicly maintained its traditional isolationism while simultaneously aiding the Allied efforts. But the US entered the war after the attack on pearl harbor
Isolationism from the US
FDR engaged with Allied
Cash and Carry program
looser neutrality program
could buy stuff from the united states as long as they buy it with cash and ships it themselves
britain controlled the seas
Lend-lease act
britain to obtain arms with credit
eventually came into the war with the attack of pearl harbor
The required mobilization for the US entry into WW2 transformed American society economically, while creating the occasion for violations of civil liberties
cure the GD
Increased Federal spending
ended the Gd
rose the GDP of US
Total War once again
trampling of civil liberties: japanese
Bc associated with the Japanese and irrational fears
forced into interment camps
challenged in Komatsu v US
supreme court sees it as a necessity
Once the US committed to the war, Americans saw the war as a fight for the survival of democracy and freedom against fascist totalitarianism
turiin point of the war is DDay
march to berlin and won
May 7th 1945 VE day
Victory at midway island
island hopping campaign: bypassing the fortified island and capture the smaller islands that are not strageical to cut off supplies
Atomic Bomb: VJ day
manhattan project
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Unit 8: 1945-1980
The US and SU engaged in a decades-long cold war. The US main goal was the containment of communism
causes of cold war
mistrust and suspicion even before the WW2
Yalta Conference
eastern and central Europe will have free elections
but used these nations as a buffer nation between the SU and EU
Berlin wall and the division of Germany
Clash between democracy and Communism: both wanted to spread
led to the policy of containment under Harry S Truman
Truman doctrine: US will provide Military and Ecnomoic support to any nation that was threatened by communism
MArshall plan: help reconstruction and economic aid to help Eu nations rebuild
if nations has good econ, then they wont communism
creation of NATO: North American Treaty Organization
SU counter as Warsaw Pact
arms race: race to develop superior weapons
American got bomb, SU got bomb, then got bigger bomb, SU also got bigger bomb
cant directly fight each other bc if they do its mutually assured destruction
Korean and Vietnam War(proxy wars)
Americans debated policies designed to expose suspected communists within the US even as both parties supported the broader Strategy of containing communism
2nd red scare in the beginning of the cold war
communist spies have infiltrated the American society, even at the highest level of government
House of Unamerican Actions Committe
Search for communist everywhere
joesph mccarthy: McCarthyism
claimed that he has a list that worked in the state department
The US economy grew significantly in the 1950s, creating the occasion for the baby Boon, cultural conformity, and an increase in migration.
Baby boom, post-war
lncrease demand in housing
mostly took place in suburbs(outside of the cities
Levitown(model cities)
middle class move from urban to suburbs
Rise of Mass culture: Homogenous
TV replaces radio during the 1950s
all seen the same shows and the same influences, same values
conformity in the middle class
artists disagreed with the conformity of the modern society
JD salinger Catcher in the Rye
Gains were made for civil rights in the 19340s and 1950s which set the stage for further gains in the 1960s
Raical segregation still prevalent in the south
Plessy V fergenson still prominent in the south
Civil rights movement
Judical Victory: Brown V board of education, desegrate the schools
overturned plessy V fergerson, the virtual of being separate is not equal
violated the 14th amendment
the integration effort is very slow
Montegormy Bus Boycotts: Segreats busses
Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat for a white passenger
significant in montegormy
MLK Jr.: Civil disobedience
non violent
Building on the progress made in the 40s and 50s, the civil rights movement won major victories in the 1960s with significant legislation outlawing racial discrimination
Sit ins, mass arrest
Segregation laws are eventually overturned
march on Washington
I have a dream speech: calls to end racial segregation
won victories in legislative victories, made discrimination based on sex, race illegal
Voting rights act of 1964: no voting discrimating
Civil right movement is not a monolithic movement
Malcolm X: Black Panther
Use violence to persuade the masses
countering white violence with black violence
Worldwide postwar decolonization was the occasion for increasing cold war involvement for both the SU and the US
as the new nations come into being, they became desireable assessts for both US and SU
gameboard for who can claim the most
Guatamala
US helped the throw the socialists party who was encroching on the business interests of the US
helped the one who was more favorable
Iran
CIA helped overthrow the party that wanted to unify the oil in the country
no good for the aemricans
Rewarded them with low oild prices and purchase of the arms
Dwight Eisenhower: warned about the military industrial complex
fairwell address, warned the negative effects of the cold war
the relationship between the military and American industry
during the arms race, US might be controlled by this relationship
The Vietnam War was fought under the rubric of communist containment, and it created deep divisions among Americans about america’s proper place in the world
Lyndon B Johnson
inherits the Vietam
Gulf of Tonkin
questionable firing of US ships
used this to enact the Gulf of Tonkin resolution
Blank check to use as much as needed for war
keeps escalating the pressure in Vietnam
1965 200,000 fighting the Vietnam that is not even declared in Congress
intense anti-war protest
draft riots of the University Students
spread of misinformation from the war
Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society carried on the legacies of the New Deal and is considered the high mark of American Liberalism
Great society: expansion of the New Deal
War on poverty: 40 mil Americans living in poverty
demographic majority in the congress
the office of economic opportunity
took the reelection as a mandate to the great society
Great society expands during the 2nd term
Medicare, Health insurance over the age of 65
Medicaid, Health insurance for those in poverty
immigration acts which abolished the immigration quotas
The civil rights movement expanded to include Latinos, NA, Asian Americans, women, and gay and lesbian Americans
Latinos
Laborers were exploited in the agricultural sector
Ceasar Chaves
1975 won the collective bargaining that got equal pay
NA
American Indian movement
reclaim their tribal traditions
achieve self-determination under the reservation system
address the systemic poverty
occupation of occupation of Alcatraz island
federal territory for 19 months
eventually had to leave due to federal pressure
protest against the broken treaties
became the corner stone of NA activism
Gay liberation movement
police raid on Stonewall Inn
bc the anti gay laws that are on new york laws
spontaneous resistance, physical and violence
1960 homo from mental illness to legit
womens liberation movement
still experience dispearity
Better friedan: feminine mystique
argued against the cult of domesticity
NOW: National organization of women
womens right using similar tactics of civil rights activists
equal pay and rights
ERA: equal rights amendment
constitution to prevent discrimination based on gender
but didn’t get the necessary amount of votes from states
Due to a stong Conservative backlash
Phillys Schafly
youth Culture of the 1960s was defined by a rejection of social, political, and economic norms of their parents’ generation.
Counter Culture in the 1960s
party out of overturning cultural normas
rebellion against the way they dress
hippies as the icon
wood stock music festival
is able to give voice to the young people
kinda fizzled out in the 70s
too much drugs
a growing concern over environmental degration led to the rise of the environmental movement
Silent Spring by Rachal Carson
Massive oil spills in the Maldives in 1989
pictures of the oil covered ducks and seals lead on display of the nature
concerns over clean water and clean air
New agancy to address
EPA: environmental protection agency
regulatory agency to put limit on the industry
Public trust in the government rapidly declined during the Vietnam war and the Watergate scandal, and that led to growing classes between liberals and conservatives over the role of the federal gov
American society is in the middle of a significant that lasts to the end of this period.
Stagflation: Increase inflation but not the economy
watergate scandal from Nixon
election in 1972
his cabnet caught breaking into the democratic parties headquarters attempt to steal documents and bug phone
denyed by Nixon
he was very much involved
increase in mistrust in gov
Battle between Convsertism and liberalism, especially on the supreme court
Burger Court
nixon appointed mutipe judges (conservative)
Roe v Wade
legallised abortion for all 50 states
women saw this as victory
conservative saw this as a federal overreach
questions the legit of the supreme court
Unit 9: 1980-present
the election of Ronald Reagan marked a significant shift in American politics from liberalism to a new kind of conservatism
Significant changes
Cut taxes
reduce gov spending
increase spending spending
appoint conservative judges
Ecnomics: Reagannomics
Supply side economics
Taxes decreases, remove business regulation
consumer will benefit bc low prices of goods due to no regulation
spending cuts: no more gov in ppls pocket
contrast FDr and the new deal
very much did cut gov spending
welfare programs
but increased military spending
deregulation
appointed conservative judges
Ronald Reagan helped bring an end to the Cold War through speeches, diplomatic efforts, and military build up
Reagan tried to bring it to an end
Iran contra affair
Nicaguara contras
HUge buildup of nuclear weapons
Strategic defence initiative(Star wars)
if American increased its military spending, SU would also do the same thing
American econ is better than the SU, so the spending in SU tanked its ECON
HW bush elected in 1988, end of the cold war
1991 SU dissolves
further diplomatic agreements to dissolve the nuclear build up
START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)
The US economy underwent significant changes in the 1990s due to the advent of new technological innovations like the computer and the transition to a service-based economy
Bill Clinton elected in 1992
change the economy
longest peace time economic boom
internet
increased productivity
more and more mechanised
Chnaged society
digital mobile and cell phones
social media
facebook and Twitter
transformed the lives of daily Americans
outsourced to other nations that could do the work cheaper
changed into a majority service-based workforce
teaching etc
After 1980, migration and immigration affect US culture and economics significantly
moving due to work
sunbelt migration
immigrants ~28% of the population
draw cititism from the illegal Mexicans
hispanic is now the larges minority of the US
Asain ~10 mil around the year 2000
The attacks of 9/11 marked the beginning of the War on Terror. Some American registered a growing concern over climate change
9/11 as the al Qaeda
George W Bush
War on terror
taliban refuse to comply with the American demand of turnover of osama bin ladin
sent troop in Afghanistan
patriot act of 2001 and 2003: increase the amount of survallance of citizens with emails and phone calls
4th amendment and the violation of privacy
continuing environmental concerns
the reliance of oil
iraqs invasion of Kuwait
war with Iraq
increasing greenhouse gases and effects the climate
continues to be the leading global superpower of the 21st centery