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Musicology A scholarly discipline characterized by the systemized study of science, history, forms, and methods of music1.
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Nationalism Devotion to one’s nation, an important influence in Romantic music1.
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Timbre Romantic composers used a richer, denser sound, especially in orchestral music to achieve diversity in a pervasive mood1.
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Tonality The feeling of tonality is often clouded by the use of modulations1.
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Modulations Changes in key within a composition2.
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Texture Essentially homophonic in Romantic music, similar to Classical music2.
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Melody Romantic composers exploit the range of instruments such as piccolo and contrabassoon to achieve greater brilliance and depth of sound2.
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Dynamics Romantic music uses extremes such as fortississimo (very loud) and pianississimo (very soft), with frequent use of crescendos and decrescendos/diminuendos2.
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Tempo and Articulation Terms include accelerando, ritardando, cantabile, con amore, dolce, dolente, maestoso, con fuoco, con passion, and rubato3.
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Harmony Use of dissonances to produce an effect of action or tension; prominent use of complex harmonies as in chromatic harmony, which uses non diatonic chords3.
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Form More flexible and varied, favoring the expressiveness of the music4.
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Program Music A kind of art music and instrumental music associated with an idea, poem, scene, or story that depicts an extra musical narrative musically4.
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Absolute music Intended to be appreciated without any association with the outside world, also known as nonprogram music5.
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Program symphony An orchestral composition that relays ideas or narrates a story5.
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Concert overture An independent single-movement work, usually written in sonata form5.
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Symphonic poem Also known as a tone poem, a programmatic work with a descriptive title illustrating or evoking the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, or any other literary work5.
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Incidental music Intended to add atmosphere to the action6.
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Idée fixe Fixed idea6.
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Nocturne A musical composition for the solo piano evocative of the romantic character of the night6.
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Etude A composition for piano that contains technical difficulties6.
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Waltz A gliding couple dance performed in triple time6.
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Mazurka A folk dance from the province of Mazovia in Poland, characterized by hops and strong steps performed in ¾ time7.
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Polonaise A French word for “Polish," a dance for the Polish nobility written in triple meter7.
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Polka A Bohemian folk dance performed by a couple as they swirl around the ballroom7.
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Galop/Gallop A couple dance that originated in France where the couple slides sideward down the ballroom7.
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Character pieces Short, instrumental piano pieces suggesting an atmosphere or general mood8.
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Piano sonata A sonata written for a solo piano8.
Composers:
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Frederic Francois Chopin (1810-1849): Known as the “Poet of the Piano”9.
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893): A Russian composer known for his ballets9.
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Franz Liszt (1811-1886): Known as the “King of Pianists”10.
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Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921): Known as the “Greatest Organist in the World”10.
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Rhapsody an instrumental composition of free, irregular form, suggesting improvisation10.
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