Philippine Professional Education Review Flashcards

Legal Bases of Philippine Education

  • Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution: The fundamental legal basis of education in the Philippines, covering Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports (ESTACS). It mandates that education receive the highest budgetary priority.
  • Act No. 2706: Known as the "Private School Law."
  • Commonwealth Act No. 578: Recognizes teachers as "persons in authority."
  • Kautusang Pangpangkagawaran Blg. 7: Established Pilipino as the National Language.
  • 1987 Constitution Art. 14 Sek. 6-9: Established Filipino as the National Language.
  • Presidential Decree (PD) 1006: The first decree to professionalize teaching, declaring teachers as professionals.
  • R.A. 7836: The Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994, which prescribed licensure examinations for teachers.
  • R.A. 9293: An amendment to RA 7836 regarding the Professionalization Act.
  • R.A. 4670: The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers.
  • R.A. 10157: The Kindergarten Act, which institutionalized kindergarten education.
  • R.A. 9155: The Governance of Basic Education Act, which shifted the name from DECS to the Department of Education (DepEd).
  • R.A. 10533: The Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, commonly known as the K-12 Law.
  • R.A. 7722: Created the Commission on Higher Education (CHED).
  • R.A. 7796: The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) Act of 1994.
  • R.A. 7784: An act establishing Centers of Excellence in teacher education.
  • R.A. 7610: The Anti-Child Abuse Law (Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination Act).
  • R.A. 7160: The Local Government Code of 1991.
  • R.A. 6728: Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education (GASTPE).
  • R.A. 8545: Amended RA 6728 (GASTPE).
  • R.A. 7277: The Magna Carta for Disabled Persons.
  • R.A. 9442: Amended RA 7277, providing a 20%20\% discount for PWDs.
  • R.A. 1425: The Rizal Law, mandating the study of the life and works of Jose Rizal.
  • R.A. 6713: Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees.
  • R.A. 6655: The Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988.
  • R.A. 8491: The Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines.
  • R.A. 9647: Designated Philippine Normal University (PNU) as the National Center for Teacher Education (NCTE).
  • R.A. 4090: State Scholarship Act (1964), providing scholarships in science, arts, and letters for poor but deserving students.
  • PD 176: Mandates that ownership, control, and administration of educational institutions be vested in Filipino citizens.
  • R.A. 5447: Special Education Fund Act (1968), creating funds from real property taxes and tobacco duties.
  • R.A. 1124: Board of National Education Act (1954).
  • R.A. 6139: Tuition Fee Regulation Act (1970).
  • R.A. 5698: Legal Education Board Act (1969).
  • R.A. 7743: Establishment of City and Municipal Libraries Act (1994).
  • R.A. 7687: Science and Technology Scholarship Act (1994).
  • R.A. 7880: Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act (1995), regulating budget allocation for capital outlays.
  • R.A. 8292: Higher Education Modernization Act of 1997.
  • R.A. 6850: Civil Service Eligibility Act (1990), granting eligibility to provisional employees with seven years of service.
  • R.A. 8525: Adopt-A-School Program Act (1998).
  • R.A. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act.
  • R.A. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act.
  • R.A. 10627: Anti-Bullying Act of 2013.
  • R.A. 10931: Free Tertiary Education Act.
  • R.A. 10968: Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF) Law.
  • R.A. 10912: Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Act of 2016.
  • R.A. 11650: Inclusion of Learners with Disability in Inclusive Education Act.
  • R.A. 10173: Data Privacy Act.
  • R.A. 10175: Cybercrime Prevention Act.
  • R.A. 1265: Law on the Observance of Flag Ceremony.
  • PD 146: Required all senior high school students to pass the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) for college admission.
  • PD 1139: Created the position of Undersecretary for Non-Formal Education (1977).
  • Executive Order No. 189: Placed all public secondary school teachers under the administrative supervision of the DECS.
  • Memorandum Proclamation No. 12: Linggo ng Wika (March 29 - April 4).
  • Memorandum Proclamation No. 186: Linggo ng Wika (August 13 - 19).
  • Memorandum Proclamation No. 1041: Buwan ng Wika (August).

Educational Philosophies and "Isms"

  • Essentialism: Focuses on the basics or the "3 R's" (Reading, Writing, Arithmetic). Encourages a back-to-basics approach. Proponents: William Bagley, E.D. Hirsch.
  • Perennialism: Focuses on constant, permanent truths and the "Great Books." Proponents: Robert Hutchins, Mortimer Adler.
  • Progressivism: Emphasizes learning by doing, a child-centered approach, and holistic development. Proponent: John Dewey.
  • Existentialism: Focuses on individual choice, freedom, and personal meaning. Proponents: Jean-Paul Sartre, Soren Kierkegaard.
  • Behaviorism: Views learning as a change in behavior due to environmental conditioning and reinforcement. Proponents: B.F. Skinner, John Watson.
  • Constructivism: Suggests that learners actively build their own knowledge based on experience. Proponents: Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky.
  • Reconstructivism: Aims to reform and improve society through education. Proponents: Theodore Brameld, George Counts.
  • Idealism: Values the mind, spirit, and ideal qualities. Proponent: Plato.
  • Realism: Focuses on the objective world and scientific facts. Proponent: Aristotle.
  • Pragmatism: Focuses on practical application and the transfer of learning. Proponents: John Dewey, Charles Sanders Peirce, William James.
  • Humanism: Focuses on building the individual, meeting hierarchy of needs, and self-actualization. Proponents: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers.
  • Empiricism: Knowledge is derived from sensory experience. Proponents: John Locke (Tabula Rasa), David Hume.
  • Utilitarianism: The philosophy that an action is right if it benefits the greatest number of people. Proponents: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill.
  • Positivism: Knowledge should be based on natural phenomena and their properties as verified by the empirical sciences. Proponent: Auguste Comte.
  • Naturalism: Education should be in accordance with the nature of the child. Proponent: Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Psychological Theories and Proponents

  • B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning (Reinforcement and Punishment).
  • Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning (Stimulus-Response).
  • Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory (Modeling, Observation, and Imitation).
  • Edward Lee Thorndike: Connectionism; Laws of Readiness, Exercise, and Effect.
  • Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development Theory (8 Stages of Development).
  • Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development Theory (4 Stages); Moral Realism.
  • Lev Vygotsky: Sociocultural Theory; Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD); Scaffolding.
  • Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development; Father of Psychoanalysis; Tripartite Personality (Id, Ego, Superego).
  • Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Theory (Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-conventional).
  • Howard Gardner: Multiple Intelligences Theory (Linguistic, Logical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist, Existential).
  • Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs Theory of Motivation.
  • Jerome Bruner: Discovery Learning; Spiral Curriculum; EIS Model (Enactive, Iconic, Symbolic).
  • Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: Use of Realia in teaching; protégé of Froebel.
  • Friedrich Froebel: Father of Kindergarten.
  • John Locke: Tabula Rasa (Mind as a blank sheet at birth).
  • Robert Gagne: Sequence of Instruction (9 Events of Learning).
  • David Ausubel: Meaningful Learning Theory; Advance Organizers.
  • Daniel Goleman: Emotional Intelligence (EQ).
  • Alfred Binet: Father of the Intelligence Test.
  • Maria Montessori: Proponent of Early Childhood Education; Child-centered prepared environment.
  • Wolfgang Kohler: Insight Learning (Gestalt Psychology).
  • Noam Chomsky: Linguistic Acquisition Theory.
  • Charles Darwin: Evolution through Natural Selection.
  • Robert Sternberg: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Analytical, Creative, Practical).
  • Benjamin Bloom: Cognitive Taxonomy (Original); Mastery Learning.
  • Lorin Anderson & David Krathwohl: Revised Bloom's Taxonomy (Creating as the top level).
  • Paulo Freire: Banking Concept of Education vs. Problem-Posing Education; Critical Pedagogy.

Human Development Stages

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0 - 18 months): Goal: Hope. Question: Can I trust people?
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (18 months - 3 years): Goal: Will. Question: Can I do things on my own?
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 6 years): Goal: Purpose. Question: Am I good or bad?
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 - 12 years): Goal: Competence. Question: Am I successful or worthless?
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 - 18 years): Goal: Fidelity. Question: Who am I and where am I going?
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 - 40 years): Goal: Love. Question: Am I loved or wanted?
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 - 65 years): Goal: Selflessness. Question: Will I produce something of value?
  8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 - death): Goal: Wisdom. Question: Did I live a meaningful life?

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

  1. Oral Stage (0 - 2 years): Focus on the mouth. Fixations: Oral receptive (overeating, smoking) or Oral aggressive (nail biting, cursing).
  2. Anal Stage (2 - 3 years): Focus on the anus (toilet training). Fixations: Anal expulsive (disorganized, rebellious) or Anal retentive (perfectionist, obsessive).
  3. Phallic Stage (3 - 6 years): Focus on genitals. Concepts: Oedipal Complex (son to mother) and Electra Complex (daughter to father).
  4. Latency Stage (6 - 12 years): Dormant sexual impulses; focus on school and same-sex friendships.
  5. Genital Stage (12+ years): Reactivation of sexual impulses; attraction to the opposite sex.

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages

  1. Sensorimotor (0 - 2 years): Learning through senses and motor activities. Key concept: Object Permanence.
  2. Pre-operational (2 - 7 years): Egocentrism; symbolic thinking; centration.
  3. Concrete Operational (7 - 11 years): Logical thinking about concrete objects; conservation; reversibility.
  4. Formal Operational (11+ years): Abstract reasoning; hypothetical thinking.

Assessment, Statistics, and Evaluation

Measures of Central Tendency and Variability

  • Mean: The arithmetic average of scores.
  • Median: The middle score in a distribution; most reliable when extreme scores (outliers) are present.
  • Mode: The most frequently occurring score.
  • Range: The difference between the highest and lowest scores: Range=Xmax−XminRange = X_{max} - X_{min}.
  • Standard Deviation (SD): Measure of how scores are spread around the mean.
    • Low SD: Scores are clustered near the mean (homogeneous group).
    • High SD: Scores are scattered far from the mean (heterogeneous group).
  • Variance: The square of the Standard Deviation (SD2SD^2).

Distribution Skewness and Kurtosis

  • Positively Skewed (Skewed Right): Tail extends to the right. Most scores are low. Mean > Median > Mode.
  • Negatively Skewed (Skewed Left): Tail extends to the left. Most scores are high. Mean < Median < Mode.
  • Kurtosis: Describes the peakedness of a distribution.
    • Mesokurtic: Normal bell-shaped curve.
    • Leptokurtic: Highly peaked with fat tails; scores are mostly average.
    • Platykurtic: Flatter curve; scores are heterogeneous.

Test Difficulty and Discrimination

  • Difficulty Index: Measures how easy or hard an item is.
    • 0.00−0.200.00 - 0.20: Very Difficult (Reject)
    • 0.21−0.400.21 - 0.40: Difficult (Revise)
    • 0.41−0.600.41 - 0.60: Moderate/Average (Retain)
    • 0.61−0.800.61 - 0.80: Easy (Revise)
    • 0.81−1.000.81 - 1.00: Very Easy (Reject)
  • Discrimination Index: Ability of an item to distinguish between high and low performers.
    • Positive Discrimination: More students from the upper group answered correctly.
    • Negative Discrimination: More students from the lower group answered correctly (indicates a flawed item).
    • Zero Discrimination: No difference between groups.

Types of Assessment

  • Diagnostic: Conducted before instruction to identify strengths and weaknesses.
  • Placement: Determines the appropriate level or job for an individual.
  • Formative: Ongoing assessment during instruction to monitor progress (e.g., quizzes).
  • Summative: Evaluation conducted after instruction to measure final achievement.
  • Authentic: Real-life performance tasks (e.g., performing first aid).
  • Norm-Referenced: Compares a student's performance against peers/batch mates.
  • Criterion-Referenced: Compares performance against a specific objective or standard.

Teaching Methods and Classroom Management

Teaching Models

  • Deductive: General to specific (Rule → Example).
  • Inductive: Specific to general (Observation → Generalization).
  • Direct Instruction: Teacher-centered.
  • Indirect Instruction: Learner-centered.
  • Flipped Classroom: Lectures are done at home; homework/activities are done in class.
  • Spiral Curriculum: Increasing the level of difficulty of a topic as the learner progresses.

Classroom Management (Kounin's Theory)

  • Withitness: The teacher's awareness of everything happening in the classroom ("eyes at the back of the head").
  • Overlapping: The ability to multitask or handle different activities simultaneously.
  • Momentum: Maintaining a smooth flow and steady pace in the lesson.
  • Thrust: Moving into a new topic before students are ready.
  • Dangling: Leaving an activity hanging to start another.
  • Flip-flop: Returning to a previous activity after switching to a new one.
  • Stimulus-Bound: Being easily distracted by external stimuli.

Managing Surface Behavior

  • Antiseptic Bouncing: Asking a student to leave the room temporarily to cool down.
  • Proximity Control: Moving closer to a misbehaving student.
  • Signal Interference: Using non-verbal cues (e.g., eye contact, gestures) to stop behavior.
  • Physical Restraint: Moving a student's seat.
  • Direct Appeal: Explicitly telling a student to stop (e.g., "Please shut up").

Professional Standards and Ethics

Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST)

  1. Domain 1: Content Knowledge and Pedagogy.
  2. Domain 2: Learning Environment.
  3. Domain 3: Diversity of Learners.
  4. Domain 4: Curriculum and Planning.
  5. Domain 5: Assessment and Reporting.
  6. Domain 6: Community Linkages and Professional Engagement.
  7. Domain 7: Personal Growth and Professional Development.

Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers (Resolution No. 435)

  • Article I: Scope and limitations; applies to all K-12 teachers in public and private schools.
  • Article II: The Teacher and the State; school is the "nursery of the state"; teachers are trustees of heritage; no political/religious promotion.
  • Article VI: Teachers and Higher Authorities; follow policies faithfully (professionalism over personal feelings).
  • Article VIII: The Teacher and the Learners; interest and welfare of learners is the primary concern; teachers act as "Loco Parentis" (second parents).
  • Article XI: The Teacher as a Person; maintain personal dignity; no scolding; be a good role model.
  • Article XII: Violations can lead to the revocation of the teaching license.

General Professional Education Bullets

  • Macro Skills: Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing.
  • Leniency Error: Being too generous in rating.
  • Severity Error: Being too strict in rating.
  • Halo Effect: Generalizing a single positive trait to the whole person.
  • Horn Effect: Generalizing a single negative trait to the whole person.
  • Hawthorne Effect: Improved performance due to being observed by superiors.
  • Pygmalion (Rosenthal) Effect: High expectations leading to high performance.
  • Golem Effect: Low expectations leading to low performance.
  • Ripple Effect: Correcting one student's behavior influences others to improve.
  • Metacognition: Thinking about thinking; self-regulated learning.
  • Tabula Rasa: The theory that the mind starts as a "blank slate" (John Locke).
  • Enculturation: Learning one's own culture from within.
  • Acculturation: Adopting traits from an outside culture.
  • Ethnocentrism: The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
  • Xenocentrism: The belief that foreign products/cultures are superior (Colonial Mentality).
  • Brigada Eskwela: Demonstrates the Filipino spirit of "Bayanihan."
  • CPD Units: Required for license renewal (currently set at 1515 units).
  • Study Leave: Teachers are entitled to 60%60\% of their salary during study leave.
  • Saber-tooth Curriculum: A curriculum that is responsive to the environment.
  • Null Curriculum: Content that is excluded or not taught.
  • Hidden Curriculum: Unintended or implicit lessons (values, culture).